Amazinga otshani kanye nezindinganiso zokunakekelwa

Izindinganiso zokuhlukaniswa kotshani

1. Utshani olukhethekile: Isikhathi esiluhlaza siyizinsuku ezingu-360 ngonyaka. Utshani luyisicaba futhi ukuphakama kwezinsika kulawulwa ngaphansi kuka-25mm. Kungokubukwa kuphela.​

2. Utshani bebanga lokuqala: isikhathi esiluhlaza singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-340, utshani buyisicaba, kanti utshani bungaphansi kuka-40mm, ukuze kubukwe futhi kusetshenziswe ukuzijabulisa komndeni.​

3. Utshani lwesibili: Isikhathi esiluhlaza singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-320, utshani luyisicaba noma lunokwehlela okuthambile, kanti utshani lungaphansi kuka-60mm, lufanelekela ukuphumula komphakathi kanye nokunyathelwa okulula.​

4. Utshani obusezingeni lesithathu: isikhathi esiluhlaza esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-300, izinhlanga ezingaphansi kuka-100mm, ezisetshenziselwa ukuphumula komphakathi, ezimboza indawo engenalutho, ukuvikela imithambeka, njll.

5. Utshani obusezingeni lesi-4: Akukho mkhawulo esikhathini esiluhlaza, futhi izidingo zokuphakama kwezinhlanga aziqinile. Isetshenziselwa ukumboza amagquma angenalutho nokuvikela imithambeka, njll.

Ukunakekelwa kotshani

1. Ukuthena

Ukuze utshani buhlale bubushelelezi futhi buphelele, utshani kumele lugundwe njalo. Ukukhula ngokweqile kuzobangela ukubola kwezimpande.

(1) Imvamisa yokusika utshani

① Utshani obukhethekile kufanele bunqunywe njalo ezinsukwini ezi-5 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwentwasahlobo nehlobo, kanye noma kabili ngenyanga ekwindla nasebusika kuye ngezimo zokukhula.

② Utshani bebanga lokuqala kufanele bunqunywe njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye ngenyanga ekwindla nasebusika.

③ Utshani besibili kufanele bunqunywe njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngesikhathi sokukhula, kabili ekwindla, hhayi ebusika, futhi futhi ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo.

④Utshani bebanga lesi-3 kufanele bunqunywe kanye ngesizini.

⑤Utshani bebanga lesine kufanele bunqunywe kahle nge-brush cutter kanye njalo ebusika.

Ukukhethwa kwemishini

① Utshani bebanga elikhethekile bungasikwa kuphela ngemishini yokugunda utshani ejikelezayo, utshani bebanga lokuqala nelesibili bungasikwa ngemishini yokusika ejikelezayo, utshani bebanga lesithathu bungasikwa ngemishini yomoya noma ngemishini yokusika amabhulashi, kanti utshani bebanga lesine bungasikwa ngemishini yokusika amabhulashi. Zonke iziphetho zotshani kumele zisikwe. Sebenzisa umshini wokusika amabhulashi ohlobo lwentambo oluthambile noma izikebhe zesandla.​

② Ngaphambi kokusika ngakunye, ukuphakama kotshani obungalingani kufanele kulinganiswe, futhi ukuphakama kwekhanda lokusika kufanele kulungiswe ngokuya ngomshini okhethiwe. Ngokuvamile, kotshani obukhethekile kuya kobesigaba sesibili, ubude bokusika ngakunye akufanele kudlule i-1/3 yokuphakama kotshani.​

③Izinyathelo zokusika: a. Susa amatshe, amagatsha afile kanye neminye imfucumfucu otshanini.

b. Khetha indlela ehlangana neyangaphambilini okungenani ngama-30° ukuze ugweme ukusika ngokuphindaphindiwe ohlangothini olufanayo okubangela ukuba utshani bukhulele ohlangothini olulodwa.​c. Ijubane akufanele libe likhulu futhi lingabi lincane, futhi indlela kufanele iqonde. Kufanele kube nokugqagqana okungaba ngu-10cm endaweni yokusika ohambweni ngalunye lokuya nokubuya.

d. Uma ubhekene nezithiyo, kufanele uzizungeze, futhi imiphetho yotshani engajwayelekile ezungeze zona kufanele inqunywe eceleni kwejika. Uma ujika, kufanele unciphise i-throttle.

e. Uma utshani bude kakhulu, kufanele bufinyezwe ngezigaba, futhi ukusebenza ngokweqile akuvunyelwe.​

f. Sebenzisa umshini wokusika amabhulashi ukusika amakhona, utshani obuseduze nomgwaqo, kanye notshani obungaphansi kwezihlahla. Abasiki bamabhulashi abavunyelwe ukusetshenziswa lapho kunqunywa izimbali nezihlahla ezincane (ukugwema ukulimaza izimbali nezihlahla ngengozi). Lezi zindawo kufanele zinqunywe ngezikere zesandla. Isib. Ngemva kokusika, hlanza izingcezu zotshani bese uzibeka ezikhwameni, uhlanze indawo, bese uhlanza imishini.​

(3)Ukusikwa kotshaniamazinga ekhwalithi

①Ngemva kokuba amaqabunga esesikiwe, umphumela uzobe ubushelelezi, kungekho zinguquko ezicacile kanye nokusikeka okungafanele, futhi imiphetho esikiwe izobe icwebezela.​

② Sebenzisa izikere zesandla zesitayela sokusika amabhulashi ukuze ulungise ukunqunywa kwezithiyo nasemaphethelweni ezihlahla, ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisobala zokunqunywa okungekho. ③Azikho izimpawu ezisobala zokungqubuzana phakathi kokungalingani kanye nokujika.

④Hlanza indawo ihlanzekile, ungashiyi lutho oluqotshiwe ngotshani noma udoti.​⑤Izinga lokusebenza kahle: 200~300㎡/h ngomshini owodwa.

2. Fafaza amanzi

① Utshani bebanga elikhethekile, bebanga lokuqala, kanye nebanga lesibili kufanele buniselwe kanye ngosuku ngezikhathi zokukhula zasehlobo nasekwindla, kanye kabili kuya kathathu ngesonto ekwindla nasebusika kuye ngesimo sezulu.

②Utshani olusezingeni lesithathu kufanele luniselwe ngokwezimo zezulu, futhi isimiso siwukugwema ukoma ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi. ③Utshani olusezingeni lesine luthembele emanzini avela esibhakabhakeni.

3. Ukususwa kokhula

Ukususa ukhula kuwumsebenzi obalulekile ekunakekelweni kotshani. Ukhula lunamandla amakhulu kunotshani obutshaliwe. Kumelwe luhlanzwe ngesikhathi, kungenjalo luzomunca izakhamzimba zomhlabathi futhi luvimbele ukukhula kotshani obutshaliwe.

(1) Ukususa ukhula ngesandla

① Ngokuvamile, inani elincane lokhula noma ukhula olusetshanini olungenakwelashwa ngemithi yokubulala ukhula lususwa ngesandla.​② Ukhula ngesandla luhlukaniswe ngezindawo, izingcezu, namabhulokhi, futhi umsebenzi wokhula uqedwa ngabasebenzi abaqokiwe, ubuningi, nesikhathi. ③Umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe ugobile, futhi ukuhlala phansi noma ukugoba phansi ukuze ufune ukhula akuvunyelwe.​④Sebenzisa amathuluzi awusizo ukukhipha utshani kanye nezimpande zotshani. Ungasusi kuphela ingxenye yokhula engenhla komhlaba. ⑤Ukhula olukhishwe kufanele lubekwe emgqonyeni kadoti ngesikhathi futhi akufanele lushiywe lulele. ⑥Ukhula kufanele luqedwe ngokulandelana ngebhulokhi, isilayi kanye nendawo.

(2) Ukususa ukhula olubulala ukhula

① Sebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ekhethiwe ukulawula ukhula oluyingozi olusakazeke.

② Kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sesazi sezitshalo, futhi umuthi wokubulala ukhula kufanele ukhishwe yisazi sezitshalo noma uchwepheshe, futhi umuthi wokubulala ukhula kufanele ukhethwe kahle ngemvume yomphathi wokulungisa uhlaza. ③Uma ufafaza umuthi wokubulala ukhula, gcina isibhamu sokufafaza phansi ukuze uvimbele inkungu ukuthi ingaweli kwezinye izitshalo.

④ Ngemva kokufutha umuthi wokubulala ukhula, isibhamu sokufutha, umgqomo, umshini, njll. kufanele kuhlanzwe kahle, bese umshini wokufutha kufanele upompelwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile imizuzu embalwa. Ungawuthululi amanzi ahlanziwe lapho kunezitshalo khona. ⑤ Ukubulala ukhula akuvunyelwe eduze kwezimbali, izihlahla, kanye nezithombo, kanti ukubulala ukhula okubangelwa yizinto eziphilayo akuvunyelwe kunoma yiluphi utshani.

⑥ Gcina amarekhodi ngemva kokusebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula.

(3) Izindinganiso zekhwalithi yokulawula ukhula

① Azikho ukhula oluphakeme kakhulu kuno-15cm otshanini obusezingeni lesi-3 nangaphezulu, futhi inani lokhula oluyi-15cm ukuphakama akumele lidlule izihlahla ezi-5/㎡.

②Akukho ukhula olunamaqabunga abanzi olubonakalayo kulo lonke utshani.

③Akukho ukhula oluqhakazile kulo lonke utshani.

4. Ukuvundisa

Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe kancane futhi njalo ukuze utshani bukhule ngokulinganayo. (1) Umanyolo

① Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe uhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: osheshayo kanye noncibilikayo kancane, okuyiwona umanyolo oyinhloko wezitshalo. Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe oncibilikayo ngokushesha uncibilikiswa emanzini bese ufafazwa. Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe oncibilikayo kancane uvame ukufuthwa ngqo womile. Kodwa-ke, ukushiswa kwendawo kuvame ukwenzeka lapho kusetshenziswa umanyolo ohlanganisiwe oncibilikayo kancane, ngakho-ke usetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni ezinezidingo eziphansi.

②I-Urea. I-Urea iwumanyolo we-nitrogen osebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza utshani lube luhlaza. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo we-nitrogen otshanini kuzokwenza izitshalo zilahlekelwe ukumelana nezifo futhi zitheleleke. Ukusetshenziswa kabi komanyolo we-nitrogen nakho kungabangela ukusha kalula, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile akunconywa ukuyisebenzisa kaningi.

③ I-Kuailumei iwumanyolo we-nitrogen owuketshezi onemiphumela efana ne-urea.

④Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe osebenza isikhathi eside ungumanyolo oqinile wezinto eziningi, onezici zomphumela womanyolo wesikhathi eside kanye nomphumela omuhle. Ngokuvamile, ngeke kube khona into evuthayo, kodwa iyabiza.

(2) Izimiso zokukhetha umanyolo

Kuma-lawn asezingeni lokuqala nangaphezulu, sebenzisa umanyolo ohlanganisiwe osheshayo, ubuhle obuluhlaza obusheshayo kanye nomanyolo osebenza isikhathi eside. Kuma-lawn asezingeni lesibili nelesithathu, sebenzisa umanyolo ohlanganisiwe oncibilika kancane. Kuma-lawn asezingeni lesine, akukho umanyolo ohlanganisiwe.

(3) Indlela yokuvundisa

① Ngemva kokuncibilikisa umanyolo ohlanganisiwe osheshayo ekugxilweni okungu-0.5% usebenzisa indlela yokugeza ngamanzi, ufafaze ngokulinganayo ngesifutho esinomfutho ophezulu esilinganisweni sikamanyolo esingu-80㎡/kg. ②Ngemva kokuxuba i-Kuailvmei ngokwezinga elibonisiwe kanye nomthamo, fafaza ngesifutho esinomfutho ophezulu.

③ Sakaza umanyolo osebenza isikhathi eside ngokulinganayo ngesandla ngokwemiyalelo, bese ufafaza amanzi kanye ngaphambi nangemva komanyolo.

④ Sakaza umanyolo ohlanganisiwe oncibilika kancane ngokulinganayo ngesilinganiso esingu-20g/㎡.

⑤ Sebenzisa i-urea ekugxilweni okungu-0.5%, uyixube ngamanzi, bese uyifutha ngesibhamu sokufutha esinomfutho ophezulu.

⑥ Ukuvundisa kwenziwa ezindaweni, emaqatheni nasezindaweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyafana.

(4) Umjikelezo wokuzala

①Umjikelezo wokufaka umanyolo osebenza isikhathi eside unqunywa ngokwemiyalelo yokusetshenziswa komanyolo.

② Ezindaweni zotshani zebanga elikhethekile kanye nezinga lokuqala ezingasebenzisi umanyolo osebenza isikhathi eside, sebenzisa umanyolo ohlanganisiwe osheshayo kanye ngenyanga.

③ I-Kuailvmei kanye ne-urea zisetshenziselwa kuphela ukujaha okuluhlaza ngesikhathi semikhosi emikhulu kanye nokuhlolwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngezinye izikhathi.

④ Faka umanyolo oxubile kancane kancane otshanini bezinga lesibili nelesithathu njalo ezinyangeni ezi-3.

5. Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo

Qaphela ukuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo, bese uthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuzilawula ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke ngokwezindlela zokuvela kwazo.

① Izifo ezivamile zotshani zihlanganisa amabala amaqabunga, ukubola, ukubola, ukugqwala, njll. Izinambuzane ezivamile zotshani zifaka phakathi ama-grub, ama-mole crickets, ama-cutworms, njll.

② Ukuvimbela izifo zotshani kanye nezinambuzane kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala. Kwatshani besigaba sokuqala nangaphezulu, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi kanye nezinambuzane kufanele zifuthwe njalo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukukhetha imithi kufanele kunqunywe yisazi sezitshalo noma uchwepheshe. Kwatshani besigaba sesibili, zifuthwe kanye ngenyanga. ③Kwabagulayo abazumayo kanye nezinambuzane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga lotshani lingakanani, izibulala-zinambuzane kufanele zifuthwe ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala.

④ Utshani obonakele kakhulu ngenxa yezinambuzane nezifo kufanele bushintshwe ngesikhathi.

6.Ukubhoboza Utshani, ukunciphisa, kanye nokufaka esikhundleni

① Ezindaweni zotshani zezinga lesibili noma ngaphezulu, kufanele zibhobozwe imigodi kanye ngonyaka; kuye ngokuthi utshani bukhula kangakanani, utshani kufanele buncishiswe kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-1 kuya kwemibili; ngemva kokuba kwenziwe imisebenzi emikhulu, utshani kufanele buncishiswe kancane futhi buhlanzwe.

② Ukunciphisa utshani obuyingxenye: Sebenzisa i-iron rake ukuze ukhulule ingxenye enyathelwe ibe yi-5cm ejulile. Susa inhlabathi ehlutshiwe kanye nemfucumfucu, faka umanyolo wokuthuthukisa inhlabathi kanye nesihlabathi.

③ Ukubhoboza okukhulu kanye nokulungisa utshani: Lungisa imishini, isihlabathi, namathuluzi. Okokuqala, sebenzisa umshini wokugunda utshani ukuze ubuye usike utshani, sebenzisa umshini wokugunda utshani ukuze ulungise utshani, sebenzisa isibhakela ukubhoboza imigodi, bese ushanela ngesandla noma usebenzise umshini wokugunda utshani ojikelezayo. Susa udaka nezinsalela zotshani, faka umanyolo wokuthuthukisa inhlabathi kanye nokuqhuma kwesihlabathi.​

④ Uma kukhona amabala aluhlaza noma amabala afile anobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-10cm otshanini obusezingeni lesibili noma ngaphezulu, noma uma ukhula olubi lwendawo lungaphezu kuka-50% wotshani botshani futhi lungenakususwa ngemithi yokubulala ukhula, utshani botshani kuleyo ndawo kufanele bushintshwe kancane.​

⑤ Izingxenye zotshani ezingaphezu kweleveli yesibili ziyanyathelwa, okuholela ekukhuleni okubi kakhulu, futhi kufanele zithuthukiswe ngokunciphisa utshani endaweni.

⑥ Ezindaweni zokuhlobisa zezinga lesi-2 noma ngaphezulu ezibonakala zomile futhi ziphuzi ebusika, imbewu yotshani be-rye kufanele ihlwanyelwe minyaka yonke maphakathi noNovemba, ngezinga elingamamitha-skwele angu-60/kg.