一. Incazelo yengqimba yotshani
Iungqimba lotshaniyizinto eziphilayo ezintsha, ezingakahlanganiswa, ezibunile futhi ezibolile kancane ezakhiwe ngokuqongelela amaqabunga afile, iziqu kanye nezimpande zotshani obutshani. Ingqimba yotshani ingahlukaniswa ibe yizingqimba ezimbili. Ingqimba ephezulu yingqimba yotshani obusha, okuyingqimba yezinto eziphuzi ngokunsundu esimweni esingakahlanganiswa noma esingakahlanganiswa; ungqimba olungezansi yingqimba yotshani obubolile, okuyizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngokuwohloka kotshani obusha. Ubukhulu bengqimba yotshani bungu-6 mm. Lapho amaqabunga otshani obufile, iziqu kanye nezimpande zotshani obutshani buqoqana phansi, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo eziyinhloko ziqala ukwanda. Lezi zinto eziphilayo zisebenzisa kakhulu izinto ezilula ukubola, amaprotheni, ama-amino acid, ushukela, njll. njengemithombo yazo yokudla okunempilo yekhabhoni kanye ne-nitrogen. Ngemva kokuba lezi zinto sezibolile, izinto eziphilayo ziqala ukubola lezo zinto eziphilayo okunzima kakhulu ukuzibola. Uma ungqimba lotshani bukhulu kakhulu, luzokwakha ungqimba olungangeni. Ngemva kwemvula nokunisela, kunzima ukuthi amanzi angene phansi, ngaleyo ndlela akhe ungqimba lwamanzi agcwele ongqimbeni lotshani. Uma abantu benyathela kuyo, amanzi azophuma emhlabathini, ukuze amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angabuyeli ngemifantu ye-capillary. Uma ungqimba lotshani lomile, utshani luzobuna, futhi ukunisela ngokweqile kuzokwakha umjikelezo omubi.
Ungqimba lotshani obukhulu kakhulu luzothinta ukunwebeka kotshani, ukubuyela emuva kwebhola eliwela phansi, amandla okuvimba izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi (ukwenyuka nokwehla kokushisa komhlabathi), kanye nokugeleza kotshani. Ikakhulukazi, ukuvela kwezinye izifo, njengesifo samabala edola, kuhlobene ngqo nobukhulu obukhulu botshani.
Ijubane lokwakheka kwengqimba yotshani alihlobene nje kuphela nezinhlobonhlobo zotshani botshani, kodwa futhi lihlobene ngqo nokusebenza kwabantu, izinhlobo nenani lama-microorganisms enhlabathini, kanye nezinhlobo kanye nemvamisa yokufakwa komanyolo. Isibonelo, uma kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lomanyolo we-nitrogen, utshani luzokhula ngokushesha futhi imvamisa yokusika utshani izoba njalo, okuzokwenza kalula ungqimba lotshani.
Ijubane lokubola kwengqimba yotshani lihlobene nokuthi ngabe izingcezu zotshani ziyaqoqwa, inani lama-microorganisms awusizo enhlabathini, okuqukethwe yi-oxygen enhlabathini, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi. Uma ijubane lokubola kwengqimba yotshani lishesha kakhulu, khona-ke ijubane lokuqongelela kwalo lihamba kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso se-carbon/nitrogen ezintweni ezifana namagatsha afile, amaqabunga, nezimpande nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngoba ukwandisa isilinganiso se-carbon/nitrogen kungasheshisa inani lama-microorganisms enhlabathini, ukuze utshani obusha obufile bukwazi ukubola ngokushesha bube izinto ezimnyama ezivuthiwe, ijubane lokubola kwengqimba yotshani nalo lizosheshiswa.
Futhi. Ithonya lesendlalelo sotshani kumanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane
Uma ungqimba lotshani lujiyile, luzothinta umphumela womanyolo, ikakhulukazi umanyolo okhipha kancane, ngoba umanyolo okhipha kancane ukhishwa kancane ngaphansi kwesenzo sezinto ezincane, futhi izimo zokuphila zezinto ezincane ezikungqimba lotshani zimbi, futhi inani lezinto ezincane lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke umphumela womanyolo okhipha kancane awukwazi ukusetshenziswa kahle. Uma ungqimba lotshani lujiyile, kukhona ama-spores ebhaktheriya abangela izifo kuwo, futhi ungqimba lotshani lunamandla amakhulu okumunca izibulala-zinambuzane, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuthi ama-fungicides angene enhlabathini ejulile, futhi kunzima nokuvimbela nokulawula izifo enhlabathini.
Izinyathelo zokuphatha
1. Okokuqala, khetha lezo zinhlobo zotshani obungalulanga ukwenza ungqimba lotshani, noma utshale kabusha imbewu noma utshale imbewu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintsha okungelula ukwenza ungqimba lotshani ezinhlotsheni zokuqala.
2. Ukuphakama kokusika utshani kufanele kube okufanele, futhi utshani akufanele bunqunywe bube phansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingcezu zotshani ezisikiwe kufanele zisuswe ensimini ngesikhathi.
3. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo we-nitrogen kuzokwenza utshani bukhule kakhulu futhi bube bukhulu kakhulu, okuzosheshisa ukwakheka kongqimba lotshani.
4. Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zithinta imisebenzi yezilokazane enhlabathini. Imisebenzi yezilokazane ingasheshisa ukubola kwengqimba yotshani, ngakho-ke ungasebenzisi izibulala-zinambuzane ezinesikhathi eside somphumela osele.
Ukubola kwengqimba yotshani kuqedwa yizinto ezincane. Uma umuthi wokukhunta ungakhethwanga ngendlela efanele, isikhathi eside somphumela osele sizothinta inani lezinto ezincane enhlabathini, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izinga lokubola kwengqimba yotshani.
四. Sheshisa ngokwenziwa ukubola kwengqimba yotshani obufile
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukudala ngokwenziwa indawo evumela ukubola kotshani obufile, okungalawulwa ngezinyathelo ezifana nokubhoboza, ukusika izimpande, ukuhlikihla, kanye nokusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo.
1. Indlela yemishini: Sebenzisaumshini wokusika utshaniukucheba utshani, umshini wokusika impande ukuze uchebe utshani, kanye nomgodi wokufaka umoya otshanini ukuze wenze izingcezu zotshani ezifile kanye nezimpande zotshani zibe zincane futhi zibe zincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingcezu zotshani obuhle kanye nenhlabathi kuxutshwe ngokuphelele ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe umoya-mpilo enhlabathini, okusiza ekuzaleni kwamagciwane amancane.
2. Indlela ye-microbial: Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwesayensi luthole i-microorganism engabolisa ngempumelelo ungqimba lotshani obufile. I-microbial spores ingafuthwa enhlabathini ukuze i-spores ikhule enhlabathini futhi isheshise ukubola kongqimba lotshani obufile.
3. Indlela yokumboza isihlabathi Ungamboza futhi ungqimba lotshani obufile ngesihlabathi ukuze kube lula ukuzala kwama-microorganisms. Ikakhulukazi ezinkundleni ezisenyakatho, inani elikhulu lamaqabunga aphuzi nafile, iziqu kanye nezimpande kuzoqongelela ngaphansi kwesisekelo seziqu zotshani obufile ekwindla. Ukumboza isihlabathi kungamboza iziqu ezifile namaqabunga abolile futhi kusheshise ukubola kwezingcezu zotshani. Uma umboza isihlabathi, sebenzisa isihlabathi esicolekile bese usebenzisa inani elincane kanye nezikhathi eziningi ukuze unciphise izinga lokuqongelela ungqimba lotshani obufile, ikakhulukazi utshani obukhula ngesikhathi esibandayo lapho bukhula khona.
4. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo Ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo kungandisa inani lamagciwane enhlabathini futhi kufake amanye amakhemikhali akhuthaza ukwanda kwamagciwane enhlabathini (njengamavithamini, ushukela, namaprotheni). Lapho kubholwa entwasahlobo, isilinganiso sekhabhoni/nitrogen seziqu ezifile namaqabunga abolile kufanele sihlaziywe elabhorethri. Uma kungahlangabezani nezidingo, umanyolo we-nitrogen kufanele wengezwe ngokufanele, okuzokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamagciwane futhi kusheshise ukubola kongqimba lotshani obufile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-20-2024