Njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkundla yegalofu, uhlaza lunezidingo eziqinile kakhulu zekhwalithi yotshani. Ukuthi utshani oluhlaza lutshalwe kahle noma cha kuhlobene ngqo nokuthi lungahlangabezana yini nezidingo ezifanelekile zabadlali kanye nobunzima bokugcina ukunakekelwa nokuphathwa kohlaza okuseqophelweni eliphezulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ukusungulwa nokugcinwa okufanele kokubekautshani obuluhlazakubaluleke kakhulu. Izinyathelo zokwakha zichazwe ngezansi:
一. Ukulungiselela umbhede wepulatifomu
Ngemva kokuqedwa kokwakheka okuhle kohlaza, ingxube yengqimba yezimpande isibekiwe, futhi umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa inhlabathi usuqediwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwengxube yengqimba yezimpande. Ngakho-ke, akukho phrojekthi yokwakha umbhede oyisicaba ngesikhathi senqubo yokusungula utshani obuluhlaza. Ukulungisa umbhede oluhlaza kudinga ukulungisa inani le-pH yenhlabathi, ukubulala amagciwane umbhede, ukufaka umanyolo oyisisekelo, kanye nokushelela ubuso bohlaza.
1.Ukulungiswa kwenani le-pH yenhlabathi ephansi: Umsebenzi omningi wokulungisa i-pH kufanele uqedwe ngaphambi kokutshala. Izinto zokulungisa kufanele zixutshwe okungenani engxenyeni engenhla yengqimba yempande ejule ngo-10 kuya ku-15cm. I-limestone yezolimo ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu nenhlabathi ene-acid. Ukulungisa izinhlayiya ezincane kusiza ekusabeleni kwayo ngokushesha. Imabula isetshenziswa enhlabathini ene-acid equkethe i-iron ne-magnesium. I-sulfur ngokuvamile isetshenziswa enhlabathini ene-alkaline kakhulu. Inani le-aggregate esetshenziswayo lisekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ingxube yengqimba yempande iyafana futhi ixutshwe kahle, izinga elisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izitshalo eziluhlaza kufanele lifane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinto zokulungisa zingaxutshwa ngemva kokuba ingxube yengqimba yempande ibekwe endaweni, noma zingangezwa lapho ingxube yengqimba yempande ixutshwa. Indlela yokugcina iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into ixutshwe kahle engxubeni yengqimba yempande ukuze kulungiswe i-pH, kodwa kungenzeka ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto.
2. Ukwelashwa kokubulala amagciwane embhede oyisicaba: Ukwelashwa kokubulala amagciwane embhede oyisicaba kuyinqubo yokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kombhede oyisicaba oluhlaza ukuze kubulawe imbewu yokhula, amabhaktheriya abangela izifo, amaqanda ezinambuzane nezinye izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini. Ukubulala amagciwane kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubulala amagciwane enhlabathini. Izinto zokubulala amagciwane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka i-methyl bromide, i-chloride, i-methyl bromide, njll. Ukuhlwanyela kungenziwa ezinsukwini ezi-2 kuya kwezi-5 ngemva kokubulala amagciwane. Ukuthi umbhede oluhlaza udinga yini ukubulala amagciwane kuncike esimweni esithile. Ngokuvamile, kudingeka kwenziwe ezimweni ezilandelayo: ① Izindawo ezithinteka yi-nematode ② Izindawo ezinokhula oluningi ③ Inhlabathi engahlanzwanga ixutshwa nongqimba lwempande.
3. Faka umanyolo oyisisekelo: Cishe zonke izingqimba zezimpande eziluhlaza zidinga ukufaka inani elithile lomanyolo oyisisekelo ngaphambi kokutshala. Uhlobo lomanyolo oyisisekelo kanye nenani elidingekayo lokusetshenziswa kufanele kunqunywe ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zohlobo lwetshani kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba zomhlabathi. Umanyolo we-P kanye ne-K yiwona manyolo amabili ayinhloko kumanyolo oyisisekelo. Uma ungqimba lwempande luyisihlabathi kakhulu, luvame ukuntuleka izakhi zokulandelela.
Umanyolo oyisisekelo ngokuvamile kufanele usetshenziswe engqimbeni yezimpande ezijule ngo-10 kuya ku-15cm phezu komhlaba, futhi uhlanganiswe ngokulinganayo nengxube yengqimba yezimpande. Ngezinye izikhathi isisekelo sisetshenziswa nalapho kwenziwa ingxube yengqimba yezimpande.
Umbhede oyisicaba omuhle nobushelelezi: Ngemva kokufakwa komanyolo oyisisekelo, ubuso bohlaza kufanele bube buthambile ukuze kwakheke umbhede oyisicaba omanzi onesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe futhi kungabi namagagasi enhlabathi. Kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile lapho kulinganiswa umbhede wethayela ukuze kuvikelwe yonke ingxenye encane yesimo esiluhlaza esiklanywe ngumklami, kugcinwe isimo sawo sokuqala sobuso, futhi kwenziwe ukwelashwa kokuqiniswa ukuze kwenziwe ubuso bombhede wethayela bube mnene, bushelele futhi bulingane.
二Ukutshala
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokwakha okuluhlaza kwenkundla entsha yegalofu: ukusabalala kwembewu kanye nokusabalala kwezitshalo, lapho ukusabalala kwezitshalo kungahlukaniswa khona ngezindlela ezine: ukusabalalisa, ukuphatha ukutshala, ukutshala ngeplagi kanye nokuhlwanyela isiqu. Zombili izindlela zingasetshenziswa kutshani obunama-bent, kodwa utshani obuguquliwe (ipharadesi) bungasakazwa kuphela ngokukhula kwezitshalo. Imifino eluhlaza ye-bentgrass yakhiwe kakhulu ngembewu. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi ishibhile futhi ilula. Ukutshala i-soda kuyalulekwa futhi lapho utshani obuluhlaza budinga ukwakhiwa kabusha ngokushesha ukuze buphinde busetshenziswe, kodwa i-sod esetshenzisiwe kumele ikhuliswe enhlabathini efana nongqimba lwempande yotshani.
Ukutshala kufanele kuqalwe ngemuva kokuba ungqimba olusha lwempande seluzinzile ngokuphelele. Sebenzisa umshini wokufutha amandla ukuze ucindezele umbhede. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlwanyela imbewu noma ukutshala imizimba yezitshalo, iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqalisa ukuvikela ama-undula angaphezulu nokugcina ubuso bubushelelezi ngangokunokwenzeka. Manje sizochaza kabanzi ngakho ngezici ezimbili ezahlukene: isikhathi sokutshala kanye nendlela yokutshala.
Isikhathi sokutshala: Isikhathi sokutshala utshani siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni utshani obufanayo ngokushesha. Eminye imisebenzi enkundleni yegalofu kufanele idale izimo ezinhle zephrojekthi yokutshala utshani ukuze ukutshala utshani kuqhutshwe ngesikhathi esifanele. Isici esiyinhloko esithinta isikhathi sokusungulwa kotshani yizimo zokushisa. Izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu lokuhluma kwembewu yotshani besikhathi esipholile lingu-15-28°C, kanti izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu lokuhluma kwembewu yotshani besikhathi esifudumele lingu-21-35°C. Izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu lokukhula kwezithombo lingu-25°C.～35°C. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokutshala utshani be-turf ngesikhathi esipholile sisukela ekupheleni kwehlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ukuze izithombo zibe nesikhathi esanele sokukhula nokuthuthuka zibe utshani ngaphambi kokuba kufike ubusika. Utshani be-turf ngesikhathi esipholile bungatshalwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi komhlabathi, ukuthuthukiswa kotshani obusha kuhamba kancane, futhi utshani obuncane kufanele bubhekane nokucindezeleka kwemvelo okubi kulo lonke ihlobo. Utshani be-turf ngesikhathi esipholile ngokuvamile abutshalwa ehlobo. . Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokutshala utshani be-turf ngesikhathi esifudumele sisukela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo, okungagcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezinga lokushisa elihle lokuhluma kwembewu, kodwa futhi kunikeza isikhathi eside esanele sokukhula nokukhula kwezithombo ezincane.
2. Izindlela zokutshala: Ukusabalala kwembewu kanye nokusabalala kwesiqu yizona zindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokukhulisa utshani obuluhlaza ezinkundleni zegalofu. Imifino eluhlaza e-bentgrass enwabuzelayo ngokuvamile ihlwanyelwa ngembewu, kanti imifino eluhlaza ye-bermudagrass ngokuvamile ifanelekela ukuhlwanyela isiqu. Indlela yokugandaya kanye nokufaka utshani ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuvuselela imifino eluhlaza nokufaka utshani obufile ezitshalweni, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuguqula imifino ibe yizicaba ngokushesha bese isetshenziswa ngokushesha okukhulu.
2.1 Ukuhlwanyela imbewu: Kunezindlela ezintathu okufanele uzinake lapho uhlwanyela imbewu eluhlaza: ukujula kokuhlwanyela, ukufana kokuhlwanyela kanye nesimo sokufakelwa kwembewu. Imbewu yotshani obunwabuzelayo obuncane kakhulu futhi idinga ukujula kokuhlwanyela okungajulile, ngokuvamile okungu-2 kuya ku-5mm. Ukuhlwanyela okujule kakhulu kuzonciphisa izinga lokuvela kwembewu; ukuthi ukuhlwanyela kuyalingana kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni okusheshayo nokulinganayo kotshani obuluhlaza. Ukuze uqinisekise ukumbozwa kwembewu ngokulinganayo. Koluhlaza, ungahlukanisa oluhlaza lube yizindawo eziningana ezincane, uhlwanyele ezindaweni ezihlukene, bese uhlwanyela ngezindlela ezimbili eziqondile. Ukuthi imbewu itshalwe ngokuphelele kuzothinta ukuhluma kwembewu kanye nezinga lokusinda kwezithombo. Ngemva kokuhlwanyela, sebenzisa. Ama-rollers acindezela umbhede osicaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imbewu isondelene nenhlabathi. Ngokuvamile, ama-rollers anesisindo esingu-0.5 ~ 0.8t afaneleka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlwanyela, kufanele kuqashelwe ukunciphisa inani labantu abahamba embhedeni oluhlaza ukuze kugwenywe izinyathelo eziningi embhedeni oluhlaza.
Ukuhlwanyela kungenziwa ngesandla noma ngomshini. Uma kuhlwanyelwa ngesandla, ingxube yengqimba yezimpande eziluhlaza kanye nembewu kungaxutshwa ngokulinganayo ngesilinganiso esithile, bese kusatshalaliswa ngesandla. Ukuxuba imbewu nesihlabathi kuzosiza ekusakazeni imbewu ngokulinganayo. Ukuhlwanyela ngomshini kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izithombo zokutshala ezisunduzayo, izithombo zokutshala ngesandla noma izifutho ze-hydraulic. Ukubeka imifino eluhlaza kuvame ukuhlwanyelwa nge-seeder esunduzayo ngesandla. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, kufanele kuqashelwe isivinini sokuhamba esifanayo, futhi inani lokuhlwanyela kwesithombo kufanele lilungiswe ngendlela efanele ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuhlwanyela ngokulinganayo. Ukuze kuncishiswe izinyathelo ezisele embhedeni oluhlaza,izithombo ze-hydraulicngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela imbewu eluhlaza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlwanyela ngomshini noma ukuhlwanyela ngesandla, kufanele kwenziwe esimweni sezulu esingenamoya, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuvimbela imbewu ukuthi ingahlwanyelwa ngaphandle kohlaza.
Ukunisela nge-sprinkler kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlwanyela. Kubalulekile ukugcina indawo imanzi ngesikhathi sokutshala ukuze kuvinjelwe imbewu ukuthi ingomi futhi ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okuhluma.
2.2 Ukuhlwanyela isiqu namagatsha: Izindlela ezenziwe ngesandla noma zemishini zingasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlwanyela ama-stolon namagatsha ohlazeni. Inqubo yendabuko yokutshala imifino eluhlaza ngeziqu namagatsha imi kanje:
① Sika iziqu namagatsha zibe yiziqu ezimfushane ezinobude obungu-2 kuya ku-5cm;
② Fafaza ingxenye yeziqu namagatsha embhedeni oluhlaza;
③Sebenzisa i-roller ukugoqa izingxenye zesiqu kanye negatsha ukuze zithintane ngokuphelele nombhede oyisicaba;
④ Mboza ngengxube yengqimba yezimpande eluhlaza kuze kube ugqinsi oluyi-2 kuya ku-5 mm;
⑤ Sebenzisa i-roller ukugoqa amagatsha ukuze uthinte inhlabathi ngokugcwele futhi wenze ubuso bube bushelelezi.
Uma usebenzisa iziqu namagatsha okuhlwanyela ukwakha ithala, kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu ukugcina iziqu namagatsha kusha. Zonke iziqu namagatsha kufanele kuhlwanyelwe zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili ngemva kokuvuna. Izinga lokushisa elifanele, umswakama kanye nomoya kufanele kugcinwe ngesikhathi sokugcina. Amagatsha aba phuzi ngenxa yokushisa futhi omile ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amanzi kufanele anqwabelane. Akufanele asetshenziselwe ukuhlwanyela imbewu.
2.3 Inani lokuhlwanyela (isiqu): Inani lokuhlwanyela utshani lincike kakhulu ezintweni ezifana nokuhlanzeka kwembewu, izinga lokuhluma kanye nesisindo sembewu. Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, izinkomba ezifana nezinga lokuhluma kwembewu kanye namandla embewu kufanele zihlolwe ukuze kutholakale izinga lokuhlwanyela elifanele. Izinga lokuhlwanyela elifanele lembewu yotshani obuluhlaza kufanele libe ngendlela yokuthi izitshalo ezincane zotshani zifinyelele izitshalo ezingu-15,000 kuya ku-25,000 ngemitha yesikwele. Ayikho indinganiso eqinile yokuhlola izinga lokuhlwanyela kweziqu namagatsha, futhi ngokuvamile kunqunywa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho.
2.4 Ukutshala utshani: Ukutshala ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa kuphela ukuvuselela nokwakha kabusha okuluhlaza. Le ndlela ayivamile ukusetshenziswa lapho kutshalwa utshani obuluhlaza okokuqala. Utshani obusetshenziselwa ukufakwa kufanele bube ungqimba olulodwa lwezitshalo oluqukethe uhlobo olufanele olungenakhula futhi lube nohlobo lwenhlabathi yezimpande olufana nohlobo lwenhlabathi yezimpande zotshani obuluhlaza lapho kuzotshalwa khona utshani. Utshani obubekwe koluhlaza ngokuvamile bunqunywa bube yizicucu eziyisicaba ezingama-0.6m×0.6m, kanti ubukhulu besikhumba nomhlabathi akufanele budlule u-1.5cm. Amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele anakwe lapho kubekwa utshani obuluhlaza: ① Lapho kubekwa utshani, amabhlogo otshani phakathi kwemigqa nemigqa namakholomu kufanele ahlelwe ukuze kuvinjelwe imithungo phakathi kwamabhlogo otshani ukuthi yakhe umugqa oqondile. ② Qaphela lapho uthutha izingcezu zotshani ukuze ugweme ukwelula noma ngisho nokudabula utshani. ③ Naka ngokukhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphetho yamabhlogo otshani amabili aseduze ixhumene kakhulu futhi ayinamthungo, futhi ayikwazi ukugoqana. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, kufanele kubekwe amabhodi okhuni ukuze abantu bahambe phezu kwawo ukuze bagweme ukunyathela ngokweqile endaweni eluhlaza.
Ngemva kokubekwa kotshani, faka isihlabathi bese usilinganisa ezindaweni ezithile ezinezixhumi ezingezinhle kanye nezikhala ukuze wenze ubuso botshani bube bushelelezi futhi bube yisicaba. Bese ucindezela bese unisela. Ukunisela ngesikhathi esifanele kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okunempilo kotshani. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, njalo ngesonto, inani elincane lenhlabathi kufanele lifakwe endaweni ethile ebusweni. Izinto zomhlabathi ezisetshenziswa phezu kotshani kumele zifane nomhlabathi osengqimbeni yezimpande engaphansi komhlaba.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-05-2024