Ukufaka umquba kuyindlela ebalulekile yokunakekela inkundla yegalofu. Njengezinye izindlela zokunakekela, kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukukhula kotshani obusezingeni eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho kunikezwa izitshalo izakhamzimba ezizidingayo, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokudla okunempilo kumele zilandelwe.
一. Imithetho Eyisisekelo yeUkuvundisa Utshani
Utshani, njengezindawo zasemapulazini, izindawo zotshani, kanye nehlathi, kumele kube nomanyolo owanele ukuze kugcinwe izimo zokukhula ezinhle. Kodwa-ke, akwanele ukuba nohlu oluphelele lwamanyolo ngobuningi obanele. Kumelwe futhi wazi ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kanjani amanyolo nezindlela zesayensi. Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka amanyolo nezindlela zesayensi zithathwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zokufaka amanyolo, okuhlanganisa umthetho wokunciphisa izakhamzimba, umthetho wezakhamzimba ezincane, umthetho wokunciphisa ukubuya, umthetho kaMizelich, umthetho wezinto ezikhawulela, umthetho wezinto ezinhle kakhulu kanye nomthetho wezinto eziphelele.
二. Izakhamzimba zotshani
1. Izinto ezithathwe enhlabathini
Izinto eziyinhloko: i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium; izinto ezincane: i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sulfure; izinto ezincane: insimbi, i-manganese, i-boron, i-zinc, i-chlorine, i-aluminium
3. Izizathu zezinkinga ngokufaka umanyolo otshanini obuluhlaza
Inani lomanyolo osetshenziswayo likhulu kakhulu, umanyolo usetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu; isilinganiso somanyolo asifanele; umanyolo owodwa usetshenziswa kuze kube sekupheleni; uhlobo lotshani kanye nesizini akucatshangelwa, ukuxilongwa kuwukuthi awukho, futhi kuyafana; umanyolo kanye nomanyolo wemvelo osetshenziswayo awuhlanzwanga ngokuphelele futhi uqukethe izifo nezinambuzane.
Izizathu zezinkinga ngokufaka umquba otshanini obuluhlaza
Inani lomanyolo osetshenziswayo likhulu kakhulu, umanyolo usetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu; isilinganiso somanyolo asifanele; umanyolo owodwa usetshenziswa kuze kube sekupheleni; uhlobo lotshani kanye nesizini akucatshangelwa, ukuxilongwa kuwukuthi awukho, futhi kuyafana; umanyolo kanye nomanyolo wemvelo osetshenziswayo awuhlanzwanga ngokuphelele futhi uqukethe izifo nezinambuzane.
Isimo samanje nezinkinga ezikhona zokufaka umanyolo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
1. Izinkinga ngotshani obuluhlaza ngawo-1980
Ikhwalithi yotshani ayilungile. Izimpawu eziyinhloko uhlelo lwezimpande olungajulile, ubuningi botshani obunganele, ukuntuleka okukhulu kotshani onqenqemeni lohlaza, ukugeleza kwamanzi okungekuhle, kanye nokhula olunzima.
2. Izinkinga ezikhona otshanini obuluhlaza kusukela ngawo-1990
Izitshalo eziluhlaza enyakatho naseningizimu azinawo umanyolo okwanele we-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ngenxa yamanani e-pH angafanele; isilinganiso se-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye izakhi kumanyolo asifanele; ikhwalithi yotshani ikhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamaqabunga aqinile; kunezinambuzane nezifo ezinkulu; futhi ubuningi botshani abuhlangabezani nezidingo zokubeka. ; Izinhlobo zotshani zixubene kakhulu.
3. Izizathu zezinkinga ngokufaka umanyolo otshanini obuluhlaza
Inani lomanyolo osetshenziswayo likhulu kakhulu, umanyolo usetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu; isilinganiso somanyolo asifanele; umanyolo owodwa usetshenziswa kuze kube sekupheleni; uhlobo lotshani kanye nesizini akucatshangelwa, ukuxilongwa kuwukuthi awukho, futhi kuyafana; umanyolo kanye nomanyolo wemvelo osetshenziswayo awuhlanzwanga ngokuphelele futhi uqukethe izifo nezinambuzane.
五. Izimiso zokuvundisa utshani obuluhlaza
1. Isimiso sesimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu siyahlukahluka unyaka wonke, futhi utshani, ikakhulukazi utshani benkundla yegalofu, buzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezisekelo zokufaka umquba etshanini ngezikhathi ezahlukene.
2. Isimiso sembewu yotshani: Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, kunezinhlobo eziningi zotshani botshani. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zotshani zinokuzwela okuhlukile kumanyolo futhi ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ezibekezelela umanyolo kanye nezingakwazi ukuzala.
3. Isimiso somhlabathi: Izakhi zamakhemikhali zenhlabathi emhlabeni ziyafana, umehluko kuphela okuqukethwe. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali enhlabathini kuhlobene eduze nemvula kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaminerali. Ukuntuleka kwemvula enyakatho kune-alkaline, kanti eningizimu enemvula kune-acid. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi ene-alkaline idinga ukwelashwa kwe-alkaline, kanti inhlabathi ene-acid idinga ukuthuthukiswa. Kodwa ungayeqisi, kungenjalo kuzoba nzima ukuthi utshani luzivumelanise nezimo. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo olulodwa lomanyolo alukwazi ukusetshenziswa kuze kube sekupheleni.
4. Isimiso sesifo: Izifo zizovela ezitshalweni eziluhlaza unyaka wonke, futhi ukwanda kwalesi sifo kuhlobene nokushisa nemvula. Ukusetshenziswa kahle komanyolo kunganciphisa noma kuvimbele ukwenzeka kwesifo.
5. Isimiso somswakama: Umanyolo kanye nomswakama kuhlobene kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okungukuthi, uma umswakama omningi, umphumela womanyolo uba mkhulu. Ezimweni ezingenamanzi noma ezomile, ukusebenzisa umanyolo omncane we-nitrogen kunganciphisa ukukhula, kunciphise ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, futhi konge imithombo yamanzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-phosphorus omningi kungamelana nesomiso.
6. Isimiso sekhwalithi yotshani: Izimo zokukhula okuluhlaza okubi, njengokungacaci, izimpande ezintsha ezimbalwa, notshani ophuzi, konke kuyizibonakaliso zokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. “Amabala amancane” angavulwa ezindaweni zasendaweni zotshani lapho ukukhula kukubi khona.
7. Isimiso sesifunda: Ngenxa yokwehluka kwesifunda nezinye izizathu, izinhlobo zotshani emhlabeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Utshani obukhula enyakatho budinga umanyolo omncane kunalowo oseningizimu, ngakho-ke qaphela lapho ufaka umanyolo.
8. Isimiso sezinga lokunakekela: Utshani obusezingeni eliphezulu njengotshani obuluhlaza bungagcinwa kuphela ngemisebenzi yokulungisa esezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ikhwalithi kanye nokuqina konyaka kotshani obuluhlaza kuzowohloka.
9. Isimiso sezomnotho: Uhlaza luwubuso bekilabhu. Nakuba ubuso buhlobene ngqo namandla ezomnotho ekilabhu, okuhleumphathi wengadiuzohlala esebenzisa imali elinganiselwe ngokuhlakanipha.
10. Izimiso zokuphatha: Ikhwalithi yemifino eluhlaza ibonisa izinga lobuchwepheshe labaphathi. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuhlola ikhwalithi eluhlaza: ukuzinza konyaka kanye nokubeka ukufaneleka. Akufanele kube nokwehla nokwehla okukhulu phakathi nonyaka, futhi kufanele kudalwe indawo ebushelelezi, eluhlaza, ebanzi futhi eshayayo. Lokhu kudinga izinga eliphezulu lokuxilongwa, futhi umthamo kanye nesilinganiso kufanele kuqondwe lapho kufakwa umquba.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-29-2024