Utshani kanye notshani akwakhiwe kanye kuphela. Njengezingane, zihlala zidinga ukunakekelwa kwakho ngokucophelela yonke indawo ukuze zikhule kahle. Abakhi abaningi botshani bayayishaya indiva le phuzu futhi bayahluleka ukufeza imiphumela elindelekile. Nazi izindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo zokuphatha utshani. Uma uziqonda kahle, ngikholwa ukuthi utshani lwakho luzogcina ukubukeka okuhle futhi lwandise isikhathi salo sokusebenza.
一. Ukuthena nokuthena
Ukuthena kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphatha. Ngokomthetho, inani lokuthena isikhathi ngasinye akufanele lidlule i-1/3 yobude botshani. Ithebula elilandelayo liyisilinganiso sethu sobude obunconywayo. Yiqiniso, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kotshani okuhlukile noma amandla abasebenzi kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe, izindinganiso ezilandelayo akudingeki zilandelwe ngokuqinile: Iyunithi yohlobo: cm I-Bluegrass 3.8-6.4 I-fescue ende 3.8-7.6 I-Ryegrass 3.8-7.6 I-Bentgrass 0.5-2.5 I-Bermuda grass 0.6-3.8 I-Zoysia 1.3-5 Inhloso yokuthena akuyona nje yobuhle, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthena kungakhuthaza ukuhluma kotshani, kwandise ubuningi, ukuthamba kanye nokuqina kotshani, kuthuthukise ukumelana nokuguguleka kotshani, futhi kwandise impilo yenkonzo yotshani. Ukuthena ngesikhathi kungavimbela nokuqhakaza nokuhlwanyela kotshani, ukuze ukhula lulahlekelwe ithuba lokuzalela futhi luqede kancane kancane.
Ukufaka isithako phezulu
Ngobaukugqoka utshani, umanyolo wamakhemikhali noma umanyolo wemvelo ungasetshenziswa. Amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele aqashelwe lapho kusetshenziswa umanyolo wamakhemikhali:
1. Isilinganiso se-N:P:K kufanele silawulwe ku-5:4:3;
2. Inani elijwayelekile lokusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi lingu-20 kg/mu;
3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, umanyolo ufakwa ekwindla eningizimu kanye nasentwasahlobo enyakatho;
4. Ukufaka umanyolo nokunisela kufanele kuhlanganiswe eduze ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa okungafanele ekulimazeni utshani. Uma izimo zivuma, kungcono ukusebenzisa umanyolo owuketshezi onesilinganiso esihle. Umanyolo wemvelo usetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sotshani obungalali, futhi inani ngokuvamile liyi-1000 ~ 1500 kg/mu, osetshenziswa njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukukhululeka nokuvuleka kwenhlabathi, kodwa futhi kusize utshani ukuthi buhlale isikhathi eside ebusika.
三. Ukunisela
Ukunisela akugcini nje ngokugcina ukukhula okuvamile kotshani botshani, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina kweziqu namaqabunga futhi kuthuthukise ukumelana kokunyathelwa kotshani.
1. Isizini: Ukunisela utshani kufanele kwenziwe ngenkathi eyomile lapho ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kukhulu kunemvula. Ebusika, ngemva kokuba inhlabathi yotshani iqandisiwe, asikho isidingo sokuyinisela.
2. Isikhathi: Ngokuphathelene nezimo zezulu, isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokunisela yilapho kunomoya ovunguzayo, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi futhi kube lula ukoma kwamaqabunga. Ngosuku, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ekuseni nakusihlwa yizikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zokunisela. Kodwa-ke, ukunisela ebusuku akuhambisani nokomisa utshani botshani futhi kungabangela izifo.
3. Umthamo wamanzi: Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi esomile sesizini yokukhula kotshani, ukuze utshani buhlale buluhlaza, kudingeka amanzi angaba ngu-3 kuya ku-4 cm ngesonto. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo nezomile, utshani obukhula ngamandla budinga ukwengeza amanzi angu-6 cm noma ngaphezulu ngesonto. Inani lamanzi adingekayo linqunywa kakhulu ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi yotshani.
4. Izindlela: Ukunisela kungenziwa ngokunisela ngokufafaza, ukunisela ngokuconsa, ukunisela ngokukhukhula kanye nezinye izindlela. Izindlela ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa ngokuya ngamazinga ahlukene okugcinwa nokuphathwa kanye nezimo zemishini. Ukuze uvimbele utshani botshani ukuthi bungakhuli ekwindla futhi bube luhlaza entwasahlobo, bunisele kanye njalo. Bunisele kahle futhi kahle, okuzuzisa kakhulu utshani botshani ukuze businde ebusika futhi bube luhlaza.
Ukuvimbela nokulawula izifo
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo zotshani botshani
Izifo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo ezithathelwanayo: izifo ezingathelelani kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo. Izifo ezingathelelani zenzeka ngenxa yezici ezikutshani kanye nendawo ezungezile. Njengokukhethwa okungafanele kwembewu yotshani, ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kotshani enhlabathini, ukungalingani kwezakhamzimba, inhlabathi eyomile kakhulu noma emanzi kakhulu, ukungcola kwemvelo, njll. Lolu hlobo lwesifo aluthelelani. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zibangelwa yisikhunta, amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, ama-nematode, njll. Lolu hlobo lwesifo luthelelana kakhulu, futhi izimo ezintathu ezidingekayo ukuze sivele yilezi: izitshalo ezisengozini, izifo ezithathelwanayo ezinamandla okubangela izifo, kanye nezimo zemvelo ezifanele.
2. Izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula yilezi ezilandelayo:
(1) Susa imithombo eyinhloko yokutheleleka kwamagciwane. Inhlabathi, imbewu, izithombo, izitshalo ezinesifo ensimini, izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nomanyolo ongafakwanga umquba yizindawo eziyinhloko lapho amagciwane amaningi ebusika nasehlobo. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini (ukubulala amagciwane kwe-formalin kuvame ukusetshenziswa, okungukuthi, i-formalin: amanzi = 1:40, inani lomhlabathi lingamalitha ayi-10-15/imitha yesikwele noma i-formalin: amanzi = 1:50, inani lomhlabathi lingamalitha angama-20-25/imitha yesikwele), ukwelashwa kwezithombo (kufaka phakathi imbewu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezithombo kanye nokubulala amagciwane; indlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokubulala amagciwane otshanini yile: cwilisa imbewu kusisombululo esixutshwe ne-formalin esingu-1%-2% imizuzu engama-20-60, uyikhiphe ngemva kokuyicwilisa, uyigeze, uyisule bese uyihlwanyela.) bese ususa ngokushesha izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nezinye izinyathelo zokulawula.
(2) Ukuvimbela nokulawula ezolimo: umhlabathi notshani obufanele, ikakhulukazi ukukhetha izinhlobo ezingamelani nezifo, ukususa ukhula ngesikhathi, ukulima okujulile ngesikhathi kanye nomanyolo omuhle, ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nezindawo zezifo ngesikhathi esifanele, nokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi nomanyolo. (3) Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali: ukufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kulawulwe. Ezindaweni ezivamile, fafaza inani elifanele lengxube yeBordeaux kanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba utshani obuhlukahlukene bungene esikhathini sokukhula okunamandla, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba utshani obuluhlaza bugule, bese ufafaza kanye njalo emavikini ama-2, bese ufafaza izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngokulandelana. Lokhu kungavimbela ukuvela kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zesikhunta noma zamagciwane. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo zidinga izibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuhlushwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, isikhathi nenani lokufafaza, kanye nenani lokufafaza. Ngokuvamile, umphumela wokufafaza ungcono kakhulu lapho amaqabunga otshani obuluhlaza egcinwa omile. Inani lokufafaza linqunywa kakhulu ubude bomphumela osele wesibulala-zinambuzane, ngokuvamile kanye njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-7-10, futhi inani lokufafaza okungu-2-5 lanele. Ukufafaza kabusha kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kwemvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele zixutshwe noma zisetshenziswe ngokushintshana ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kugwenywe ukumelana nemithi.
五. Ukulawula izinambuzane
1. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zomonakalo wezinambuzane zotshani: inhlabathi ayizange iphathwe njengesibulala-zinambuzane ngaphambiliukwakhiwa kotshani(ukulima ngokujulile nokomisa inhlabathi, ukumba inhlabathi ukuze kuthathwe izinambuzane, ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini, njll.); umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo osetshenzisiwe awuzange ubole; ukuvimbela nokulawula kusenesikhathi akuzange kufike ngesikhathi noma isibulala-zinambuzane sisetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele noma singasebenzi kahle, njll.
2. Ukulawulwa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinambuzane zotshani obuluhlaza
(1) Ukulawulwa kwezolimo: indawo efanelekile notshani obufanele, ukulima okujulile nokomisa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ukucosha izinambuzane nokususa izinambuzane njengoba zimbiwa, ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo obolile ngokuphelele, ukunisela nokuphatha ngesikhathi esifanele, njll.
(2) Ukulawula ngokomzimba nangokwesandla: ukubamba okulula, ukubulala ngokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nenhlabathi enobuthi, ukubamba ngesandla, njll.
(3) Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo: okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa izitha zemvelo noma izinto eziphilayo ezibangela izifo ukulawula. Isibonelo, izinto eziphilayo ezibangela izifo ezisebenzayo ukulawula ama-grub ikakhulukazi yi-green muscardine, futhi umphumela wokulawula ungama-90%.
(4) Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali: Izibulala-zinambuzane ikakhulukazi ziyizakhi ze-phosphorus eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile, ukuchelela kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu ngemva kokufaka ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusabalala komuthi futhi kugwenywe ukulahleka ngenxa yokubola kwe-photocomplex kanye nokuguquguquka; ukufafaza kuvame ukusetshenziselwa izinambuzane ezingaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinambuzane, njengezinambuzane zotshani, ukuchelela ngemva kokufaka kufanele kwenziwe okungenani emahoreni angama-24-72 ngemva kokufaka. Izindlela ezivamile ukuxuba imbewu nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukubamba izicucu zobuthi noma ukufafaza.
Izinyathelo ezingenhla zingase zanele kumakhi wetshani ojwayelekile. Uma itshani iphathwa kahle, ukumelana kwayo kuzokwanda kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-02-2024