Eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, igalofu lithuthuke ngokushesha ezweni lakithi. Njengamanje, kunezinkundla zegalofu ezingaphezu kuka-150 kanye nemigwaqo ecishe ibe ngu-3,000 e-China. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ezikhulayo zokunakekelwa kwengadi yegalofu zenze amaqembu amaningi egalofu azizwe engakwazi ukubhekana nakho. Indlela yokunciphisa izindleko zokunakekelwa kwengadi yegalofu isibe ngenye yezinto ezivame ukukhathazeka yizikhulu kanye nabaphathi bengadi bamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yengadi ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nezidingo zeindawo yenkundla yegalofukanye nokudlala kwabadlali? Ngeminyaka eminingana yokuzijwayeza kanye nesipiliyoni esithuthukisiwe sokuphathwa kokulungiswa kwenkundla yegalofu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, umbhali ubeka phambili iziphakamiso ezilandelayo:
(1) Khetha imbewu yotshani esezingeni eliphezulu, uyihlanganise kahle, bese unciphisa inani lokugunda utshani. Imbewu yotshani "ejwayelekile" ingakhiqiza utshani obuningi bokugunda utshani kunezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu. Lesi yisitatimende esiphawulekayo esibonakala siphikisana kodwa sinembile, ngoba emakethe edinga ukuphathwa okubanzi, imbewu yotshani evamile ivame ukuba yinhloso eyinhloko yokuthengiswa kwabathengisi bembewu. Ocwaningweni, kutholakale ukuthi kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu enanini lezinsalela zotshani ezikhiqizwa imbewu yotshani evamile kanye nembewu yotshani esezingeni eliphezulu. Uhlobo oluvamile lotshani lwasemadlelweni lukhiqiza utshani obuningi ngo-70% kuneBlackburg Linn, uhlobo oluphezulu lwe-ryegrass ehlala isikhathi eside, u-50% ngaphezu kweTara ne-K-31, izinhlobo ezivamile ze-fescue ende, kanye no-13% ngaphezu kwe-Apache.
(2) Umanyolo wamakhemikhali unganciphisa izifo. Abacwaningi eNorth Carolina State University bathole ukuthi izindandatho zamakhowe eziluhlaza ze-phosphorus noma i-manganese. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokusebenzisa lo manyolo yilapho indandatho yamakhowe iqala ukubonakala entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Faka kabili ngesonto ku-8g/㎡ isikhathi ngasinye, bese unisela ngemva kokufaka umanyolo ukuze ugweme ukusha komanyolo emaqabunga. Abacwaningi bathole nokuthi le ndlela yokwelapha inganciphisa nokuvela kwesifo samabala ansundu.
(3) Ukusika utshani ngendlela efanele kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Ngokuphambene nemibono eminingi, ukusika utshani kungadla amanzi amancane okunisela. Izifundo zithole ukuthi uma ukuphakama kokusika utshani obuluhlaza kunciphisa kusuka ku-2.5cm kuya ku-0.6cm, amanzi okunisela adingekayo ayingxenye nje yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, lawa matshani aqoshiwe kancane azokwenza izimpande zibe zimfushane, ngakho-ke amatshani aqoshiwe kancane awakwazi ukumelana nesomiso, ngaphandle kwalokho itshani izolahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza noma yonakale. Ezimweni zezwekazi lapho kudingeka khona ukunisela, ukusebenzisa ukusika utshani okuncane ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi kungaletha imiphumela emihle.
Ukunciphisa imvamisa yokugunda utshani kungagcina umswakama. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi lapho ukugunda utshani kukhuphuka kusuka izikhathi ezimbili ngesonto kuya kweziyisithupha ngesonto, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kukhuphuka ngo-41%. Kodwa-ke, kunemikhawulo ethile yokonga amanzi ngokunciphisa inani lezikhathi zokunisela, njengokuchitha amanzi okubangelwa utshani obukhula kakhulu.
(4) Ukuphathwa kwezindawo. Ukuhlukanisa inkundla yegalofu ibe yizindawo ezahlukeneukuphathwa kokugcinwaIzindawo zinganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokulungisa. Yiqiniso, izinga lokulungisa lanoma iyiphi inkundla yegalofu eluhlaza, i-fairway, i-tee kanye nezinye izindawo alikwazi futhi akufanele lincishiswe. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo, indlela elandelayo ingazanywa: Okokuqala, hlukanisa imephu yenkundla ibe yizikwele nonxantathu, nikeza izinga lokulungisa engxenyeni ngayinye, bese uphawula kusukela ku-“A” kuya ku-“G”. Ingxenye ngayinye inezindinganiso zayo zomanyolo, ukunisela, ukugunda utshani kanye nokulawula izinambuzane. Indawo A (eluhlaza) ingathola noma yikuphi ukuphathwa okudingekayo, kanti ezinye izindawo zinganciphisa okokufaka kokulungisa ngokulandelana.
(5) "Ukuqeqeshwa kotshani basentwasahlobo". Njengomphathi wotshani, ungaqeqesha futhi utshani ukuze ludinge amanzi amancane. Le ndlela ifaneleka nasezindaweni ezingakagawulwa kahle. Nakuba isikhathi sokuqala sokunisela kufanele sibe kusenesikhathi, njengomphathi wotshani, kufanele ugweme ukwenza inkundla yegalofu oyiphathayo ibe ngeyokuqala endaweni ukunisela yonke imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nezindawo zotshani obude entwasahlobo.
Yiqiniso, utshani "bokuqeqesha" bunezingozi. Kodwa isomiso sasentwasahlobo singaphoqa izimpande zotshani ukuba zikhule zijule emhlabathini. Lezi zimpande ezijulile zizodlala indima phakathi nehlobo, okunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi futhi kube nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okunamandla nendawo ezungezile.
(6) Nciphisa inani lezikhathi zokusika utshani. Isikhungo socwaningo eNew York sithole ukuthi utshani obuxubile botshani be-ryegrass obuhlala isikhathi eside noma i-fescue ende (noma izinhlobo ze-fescue ezinde ezinde) zinesilinganiso sokukhula okuphezulu futhi zidinga ukusika utshani okwengeziwe. Inani lezinsalela zotshani ezikhiqizwayo lingaphezulu ngo-90% kuya ku-270% kunotshani obukhula kancane njenge-fescue encane noma i-bluegrass yase-meadow.
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi inani elikhulu lezindleko lingongiwa ngokushintsha izinhlobo zotshani nokunciphisa ukusika utshani. Umcwaningi uJames Wilmot wake wenza izibalo: “Uma kubiza u-$150 ngehektare ukuxuba nezinhlobo zotshani ezidinga imvamisa ephezulu yokusika utshani, khona-ke kubiza cishe u-$50 ngehektare ukuxuba nezinhlobo zotshani ezidinga imvamisa ephansi yokusika utshani. Uma kuhlanganiswa nesidingo sokusebenzisa cishe u-1/3 womanyolo kuphela, ukonga izindleko ngehektare kungu-$120. Uma uphatha amahektare ayi-100 omhlaba, ungonga u-$12,000 ngesizini.” Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukufaka esikhundleni se-bluegrass noma i-fescue ende kuzo zonke izimo. Kodwa uma inkundla yegalofu ithatha indawo yezinhlobo zotshani ezidinga imvamisa ephezulu yokusika utshani ngezinhlobo zotshani ezikhula kancane, kungonga imali eningi ngokunciphisa inani lokusika utshani. (7) Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula. Wonke umuntu uzwile ukuthi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kuhle endaweni ezungezile. Kodwa-ke, ingabe ikhwalithi yenkundla yegalofu ingancishiswa ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula? Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukuze kulawulwe utshani obubizwa ngokuthi i-crabgrass noma i-bullgrass, inani eliphansi le-herbicide yangaphambi kokuvela lingasetshenziswa njalo ngonyaka. Uthole ukuthi inani eliphelele lingasetshenziswa ngonyaka wokuqala, ingxenye yenani njalo eminyakeni emibili, kanye nengxenye yesine yenani ngonyaka wesithathu noma ngaphezulu. Le ndlela yokufaka iveza umphumela ofana nowokufaka inani eliphelele njalo ngonyaka. Isizathu ukuthi utshani buya ngokuya buqina futhi bumelana nokhula, futhi isikhala esihlala ukhula enhlabathini sincipha kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Indlela elula yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula umthamo ngaphakathi kobubanzi obukhonjisiwe kumalebula ezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi. Uma ilebula incoma u-0.15-0.3 kg ngehektare, khetha umthamo ophansi kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, usebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphansi ngo-10% kunezinkundla zegalofu eziseduze.
Ukuphathwa kwengadi okubanzi kungasetshenziswa ezinkundleni eziningi zegalofu, futhi amandla ayo okonga imali ayabonakala. Njengomphathi wengadi, ungase uzame.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-05-2024