Izimiso zeukunakekelwa kwezindawo zotshaniyilezi: ziyafana, zihlanzekile futhi azinazo izinto ezingcolile, futhi zihlala ziluhlaza unyaka wonke. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuphathwa, utshani obuluhlaza bungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ngokuya ngobude besikhathi sokutshala. Esokuqala ukutshala kuze kube yisigaba esigcwele, okubhekisela ekutshalweni kokuqala kotshani kanye nesigaba sokutshala kuze kube unyaka owodwa noma ukumbozwa okugcwele (okugcwele ngo-100% ngaphandle kwendawo evulekile), okubizwa nangokuthi isigaba esigcwele. Esesibili yisigaba sokukhula esiphumelelayo, okubhekisela eminyakeni engu-2-5 ngemva kokufakelwa, okubizwa nangokuthi isikhathi sokuchuma. Esesithathu yisigaba sokukhula esisheshayo, okubhekisela eminyakeni engu-6-10 ngemva kokufakelwa, okubizwa nangokuthi isigaba sokukhula esisheshayo. Esesine yisigaba sokubola, okubhekisela eminyakeni engu-10-15 ngemva kokufakelwa, okubizwa nangokuthi isikhathi sokubola. Ngaphansi kwezinga eliphakeme lokugcinwa nokuphathwa, isikhathi sokubola kotshani singabambezeleka ngeminyaka engu-5-8.
1. Ukuphathwa kwesigaba sokululama
Ngokwezidingo zomklamo kanye nenqubo, umbhede wotshani obusanda kutshalwa kumele ususwe ngokuphelele imbewu yokhula kanye nezimpande zotshani, ugcwaliswe ngenhlabathi emsulwa, uklwejwe uqonde futhi uhlanganiswe ube ngaphezu kuka-10 cm ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe utshani. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokutshala utshani: ukutshala utshani okugcwele kanye nokutshala utshani okunciphile. Ngokuvamile, isikwele sotshani esingama-20 × 20 cm sisetshenziselwa amabala amancane. Isiqephu esigcwele asinasikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi futhi sinesikhathi sokululama sezinsuku ezingu-7-10 kuphela. Kuthatha isikhathi esithile ukuthi u-50% wendawo evulekile yamabala amancane agcwale. Ukutshala utshani entwasahlobo kanye Utshani obusetshenziswa ehlobo buthatha inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili kuphela ukuvuthwa, kanti utshani obusetshenziswa ekwindla nasebusika buthatha izinyanga ezingu-2-3 ukuvuthwa ngokugcwele. Ngokuphathelene nokugcinwa nokuphathwa, kugxilwe ekuphathweni kwamanzi nomanyolo. Entwasahlobo, awanabala, ehlobo awanalanga, kanti ekwindla nasebusika, utshani busetshenziswa ukuvimbela umoya nokufuma. Ngokuvamile, fafaza amanzi kanye ekuseni nakusihlwa kungakapheli isonto ngemuva kokufaka utshani, bese uhlola ukuthi utshani buhlanganisiwe yini. Izimpande zotshani ziyadingeka ukuba zisondele enhlabathini. Futha amanzi kanye kusihlwa amasonto amabili noma amabili ngemva kokufaka. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili, fafaza amanzi kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili kuye ngesizini kanye nesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi ukuze kufakwe umswakama.
Faka umanyolo njalo ngesonto kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemva kokutshala. Sebenzisa isisombululo se-urea esingu-1-3% kuhlanganiswe nokunisela kanye nokufafaza. Hlanza kuqala bese ujiya. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, sebenzisa amakhilogremu angu-4-6 e-urea ngehektare kanye ngenyanga. Faka okomile ezinsukwini zemvula. , faka uketshezi ngosuku olunelanga, bese usebenzisa umshini wokugunda utshani ukusika utshani lapho utshani bubude obungu-8-10 cm. Ukususa ukhula kufanele kwenziwe cishe ngemva kwengxenye yenyanga ngemva kokutshala, noma ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari. Lapho ukhula luqala ukukhula, vula bese ususa utshani ngesikhathi, bese uluqinisa ngemva kokumba ukuze ugweme ukuthinta ukukhula kotshani obuyinhloko. Utshani obusanda kutshalwa ngokuvamile abunazo izifo nezinambuzane futhi abudingi ukulawulwa okukhethekile. Ukuze kusheshiswe ukukhula, i-potassium dihydrogen phosphate engu-0.1-0.5% inganiselwa futhi ifuthwe esikhathini esizayo.
2. Ukuphathwa esigabeni sesikhathi eside
Unyaka wesibili kuya kowesihlanu ngemva kokutshala utshani yisikhathi sokukhula okunamandla. Utshani obuhlotshisiwe buluhlaza kakhulu, ngakho-ke kugxilwe ekubugcineni buluhlaza. Ukuze kuphathwe amanzi, vula iziqu zotshani bese uqinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi yomile kodwa ayimhlophe futhi imanzi kodwa ayinamabala. Umgomo uwukwenza kome entwasahlobo nasehlobo bese kuba manzi ekwindla nasebusika. Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe kancane futhi kancane, kancane kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba wonyaka nangaphezulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Sebenzisa amakhilogremu angu-2-4 e-urea nge-mu ngemuva kokusika utshani ngakunye. Esikhathini sokukhula okuphezulu, lawula umanyolo namanzi ukuze ulawule izinga lokukhula, ngaphandle kwalokho inani lezikhathi zokusika utshani lizokwanda futhi izindleko zokunakekela zizokwanda. Ukusika utshani yikho okugxilwe kukho kulesi sigaba. Ukuvama kokusika utshani kanye nekhwalithi yokusika utshani kuhlobene nokonakala kotshani kanye nezindleko zokulungisa. Kunconywa ukulawula inani lokusika utshani izikhathi ezingu-8-10 ngonyaka, ngesilinganiso esisodwa ngenyanga kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya kuSepthemba, kanye njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJanuwari wonyaka olandelayo. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokusika utshani: Okokuqala, ukuphakama kotshani okungcono kakhulu kungu-6-10 cm. Uma idlula u-10 cm, inganqunywa. Uma ingaphezu kuka-15 cm, kuzovela “izindunduma zotshani” futhi ezinye izingxenye zizoba njengezingwegwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kumele inqunywe. Okwesibili ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokusika. Hlola ukuthi amandla omshini wokugunda utshani ajwayelekile, ukuthi i-blade yotshani ibukhali futhi ayonakali, nokuthi utshani buhlanzekile ngamatshe amancane kanye nemfucumfucu. Okwesithathu ukusebenzisa umshini wokugunda utshani. Lungisa ibanga le-blade libe ngu-2-4 cm ukusuka emhlabathini (ukusika okuphansi ngesikhathi eside, ukusika okuphezulu ekwindla nasebusika), qhubekela phambili ngesivinini esingaguquki, futhi ububanzi bokusika buhlangana no-3-5 cm isikhathi ngasinye ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa ukusika. Okwesine, hlanza amaqabunga otshani ngokushesha ngemva kokusika, bese umanzisa futhi uvundise.
3. Ukuphathwa kwezigaba ezihamba kancane nezesikhathi eside
Izinga lokukhula kwezindawo zotshani eminyakeni engu-6-10 ngemva kokutshala liye lehla, futhi amaqabunga afile neziqu ziyanda unyaka nonyaka. Ukubola kwezimpande kuvame ukwenzeka ngezikhathi ezishisayo nezinomswakama, futhi kusengozini yokulimala yiDigitonus (i-shaving bug) ekwindla nasebusika. Umsebenzi ogxile kakhulu ukunaka ukuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu zokugcwala kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, izimpande zizoqala ukubola. Ngemva kokukhipha amanzi, kusekhona ukuphila. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokugcwala kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, izimpande ezingaphezu kuka-90% zizobe sezibolile futhi zicishe zingabi nampilo, ngakho-ke utshani ludinga ukuphinde lufakwe emanzini. Nakuba kuzoba nokubola kwezimpande okuncane phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-1-2 zokugcwala kwamanzi, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama ngemva kokukhipha amanzi kuzokwenza kube lula ukuzala kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane futhi kuholele ekwakhekeni kokubola kwezimpande. Sebenzisa i-thiophanate noma i-carbendazim izikhathi ezingu-800-1000 bese ufafaza indawo enesifo izikhathi ezingu-2-3 (fafaza kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-2-10) ukuvimbela nokulawula ukubola kwezimpande. Izikelemu ezindala zisika isisekelo sotshani phezu komhlaba, zakha izindawo ezomile. Indawo iyanda usuku nosuku, ibangele umonakalo osheshayo futhi ibangele izindawo ezinkulu zomile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, udinga ukususa utshani ukuze uthole izikelemu. Kuyadingeka ukuthola kusenesikhathi nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane lapho izikelemu zisencane. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa imishini yokufaka umanyolo noma ukusabalalisa ngesandla izibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, utshani obuyingozi buzosuswa bese isixazululo se-urea sizophinde sisetshenziswe. Ukukhula kuzoqala kabusha ngemva kwesonto. Umanyolo kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi esikhathini esihamba kancane kufanele kuqiniswe kunasesikhathini sokuchuma, futhi umanyolo ongeziwe ungandiswa. Kungcono ukulawula inani lazoukugunda utshani izikhathi ezingu-7-8 ngonyaka.
4. Ukuphathwa kwesigaba sokuwohloka kwezindawo zotshani
Indawo yotshani yaqala ukubola unyaka nonyaka eminyakeni eyi-10 ngemva kokutshala, futhi yonakala kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-15 ngemva kokutshala. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukushintshana ngezikhathi zokomisa nezimanzi, kanye nokuvimbela ngokuqinile ukugcwala kwamanzi, kungenjalo kuzokhulisa ukubola kwezimpande futhi kufe. Qinisa ukuhlolwa nokuvimbela izinambuzane nezifo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kufanele kwengezwe umanyolo owengeziwe. Umanyolo okhethekile wezitshalo ungafuthwa emaqabungeni ukuze wengeze ngokugcwele izidingo ezahlukahlukene zotshani. Izakhamzimba zezitshalo. Izindawo ezifile kancane zingatshalwa kabusha ngokuphelele. Indawo yotshani eyonakele iphinda ivuseleleke kancane ngemva kokunqunywa, futhi inani lezikhathi utshani obunqunywa ngazo akufanele lidlule izikhathi eziyi-6 unyaka wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba utshani obuyinhloko buncane, ukhula kulula ukulukhulisa futhi ludinga ukumbiwa ngesikhathi. Ukuphathwa kudinga ukuqiniswa ngokuphelele phakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuze kubambezeleke ngempumelelo ukubola kwendawo yotshani.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-19-2024