Utshani bungahlanza umoya, bumunce uthuli, buvimbele umsindo, bumelane nokungcola kanye nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, bunciphise ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, buthuthukise isakhiwo senhlabathi, bunciphise imisebe yelanga, buvikele futhi bubuyisele umbono, buhlaza futhi buhlobise idolobha, futhi buthuthukise imvelo yasemadolobheni. Indawo yotshani ikhula njalo. Kodwa-ke, utshani basekhaya ngokuvamile buwohloka futhi bube yihlane eminyakeni emi-3-5, kanti ezinye utshani zize zibe yihlane ngemva kokuba sezizinzile. Isikhathi senkonzo yotshani obunobuchwepheshe bokulungisa obuphelele kwamanye amazwe singaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10-15. Isizathu ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa utshani bezwe lami abuvuthiwe ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindlela zokulungisa ezingafanele noma ezibambezelekile njengokusika, ukufaka umanyolo, ukunisela, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane. Amaphuzu abalulekile ukunakekelwa kotshanikanye namasu okuphatha kuchazwe kafushane ngezansi.
1. Ukuthena
Ngisho nokusika utshani kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokunakekelwa kotshani. Uma utshani lunganqunywanga ngesikhathi, ingxenye engenhla yesiqu ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibeka imbewu, okuvimbela futhi kuthinte ukukhula kotshani obunganyathelwa engxenyeni engezansi, buphenduke indawo engenalutho.
Isikhathi sokugunda utshani ngokuvamile sisukela kuMashi kuya kuNovemba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka futhi ukugunda utshani ebusika obufudumele. Ukuphakama kokugunda utshani ngokuvamile kulandela isimiso esingu-1/3. Ukugunda utshani kokuqala kwenziwa lapho utshani buphakeme ngo-10-12cm, kanti ukuphakama kwezinsika kungu-6-8cm. Inani lezikhathi osika ngazo utshani kuncike ekutheni utshani lwakho lukhula ngokushesha kangakanani. Utshani bangaphandle obusezingeni eliphezulu bugundwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10 noma ngisho namakhulu ngonyaka. Ngokuvamile ngoMeyi-Juni yisikhathi lapho utshani bukhula khona ngamandla. Bugundwa izikhathi ezingu-1-2 njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, kanye nezikhathi ezingu-1-2 njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-10-15 ngezinye izikhathi. Utshani selugundwe izikhathi eziningi. Alugcini nje ngokuba nama-rhizome akhule kahle kanye nekhono lokumboza eliqinile, kodwa futhi lunokuphakama okuphansi, amaqabunga amancane kanye nenani eliphakeme lokuhlobisa.
Uma usika utshani, imichilo yokusika kumele ihambisane futhi indlela kufanele ishintshwe njalo uma usika utshani. Ngesikhathi sesomiso, ungabeka utshani obusikiwe otshanini ukuze buphole, kodwa abukwazi ukushiywa isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwalokho utshani buzothamba kalula, bukhule kancane futhi buzale amagciwane. Amaphethelo otshani ngokuvamile anqunywa ngesikele ukuze kugcinwe ukubukeka okuhle.
2. Ukuvundisa
Ukuvundisa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekunakekelweni kotshani. Uma utshani lugundwa kaningi, kulapho kususwa khona izakhamzimba eziningi enhlabathini, ngakho-ke izakhamzimba ezanele kumele zigcwaliswe kabusha ukuze kubuyiselwe ukukhula. Ukuvundisa utshani ngokuvamile kusekelwe kumanyolo we-nitrogen kanye nomanyolo ohlanganisiwe. Inani elifanele lomanyolo lingu-28-12kg nge-667m2, okungukuthi, 15-18g/m2. Imvamisa yokuvundisa iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zotshani. Ngokuvamile, utshani ludinga ukuvundiswa izikhathi ezingu-7-8 ngonyaka.
3. Ukunisela
Ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene zotshani obukhula endaweni ethile, ukumelana kwazo nesomiso kuhlukile kancane. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo okunamandla, zonke zidinga amanzi anele. Ngakho-ke, ukuchelela ngesikhathi esifanele kungenye indlela yokugcina utshani obuhle. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sokushisa okuphezulu kanye nesomiso, chelela kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-5-7 ekuseni nakusihlwa ukuze umanzise izimpande zibe yi-10-15cm. Ukuchelela kwezinye izinkathi zonyaka kufanelekile ukuvikela izimpande zomhlabathi nokugcina umswakama othile. Kodwa-ke, kungcono ukusebenzisa ukuchelela ngezindlela eziningi esikhundleni sokuchelela nge-sprinkler lapho uchelela ukuze ugcine ukuchelela okufanayo, wonge amanzi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ususe uthuli ebusweni botshani.
4. Imigodi yokubhobozabese uwela inhlabathi ukuze uphefumulele inhlabathi
Amasimu otshani adinga ukubholwa futhi kufakwe umoya enhlabathini izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngonyaka. Sebenzisa umshini wokubhoboza ezindaweni ezinkulu zotshani. Ngemva kokubhoboza umgodi, gcwalisa utshani ngesihlabathi, bese usebenzisa i-tooth rake noma umshanelo oqinile ukuze ushanele isihlabathi ngokulinganayo ukuze isihlabathi singene sijule emgodini ukuze silondoloze isibindi futhi sithuthukise ukugeleza kwamanzi enhlabathini ejulile. Ubukhulu besendlalelo sesihlabathi ebusweni botshani akufanele budlule u-0.5cm. Ukuze kungene umoya ezindaweni ezincane kanye notshani olulula, sebenzisa ifoloko lokumba ukuze umbe amafoloko kude nokujula okungu-8-10cm. Amafoloko kufanele angene aqonde ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukuze agweme ukuletha amaqhubu enhlabathi. Imininingwane ehlukene yamafoloko ingashintshwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi, futhi amafosholo angasetshenziswa nomsebenzi. Lapho usika utshani, ezinye izinhlelo zezimpande zotshani zinganqunywa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwezimpande okunamandla. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokubhoboza imigodi nokuwela inhlabathi ukuze kungene umoya kusekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo minyaka yonke.
5. Susa ukhula
Uma ususa ukhula, funda kahle izimiso "zokususa ukhula kusenesikhathi", "ukususa ukhula" kanye "nokususa ukhula". Sebenzisa ummese uma inani lincane, bese ukhipha ngefosholo uma inani likhulu futhi ligxilile, bese ulinganisa umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala kabusha. Futha ngosuku oluzolile nolunelanga, lapho izinga lokushisa lingcono kakhulu kuno-25°C. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphumela womuthi ushesha kakhulu, futhi umthamo ungancishiswa ngesigamu. Ama-herbicides angasebenza kangcono uma exutshwe kahle. Kodwa qaphela ukuthi ugweme ukuphindisela emuva.
6. Ukulawulwa kwezifo nezinambuzane
Izifo eziningi zotshani yizikhunta, njengokugqwala, isikhunta esimpushana, i-sclerotinia, i-anthracnose, njll. Zivame ukuba khona ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezifile, iziqu kanye namaqabunga enhlabathini. Uma zibhekene nezimo zezulu ezifanele, zizothelela futhi zilimaze utshani, okubangela ukuba ukukhula kotshani kuvinjelwe, okubangela ukuba luphenduke luphuzi noma lufe ezigabeni noma ezigabeni. Izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula zivame ukufaka ukusetshenziswa kwezikhunta zokuvimbela noma zokwelapha ngokusekelwe emaphethini okutheleleka kwesifo. Ngesikhathi sokulawula, utshani kufanele lunqunywe kancane bese lufafazwa.
7. Ukuvuselelwa, ukuvuselelwa kanyeukugoqa inhlabathi
Uma utshani bubonakala bunempandla noma bufile kancane, budinga ukuvuselelwa ngesikhathi. Okusho ukuthi, uma ufaka umquba ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ngasekupheleni kwekwindla, hlanganisa imbewu yotshani obuhlumile kanye nomanyolo bese ufafaza ngokulinganayo otshanini, noma sebenzisa isitofu ukusika izimbobo otshanini njalo ngamasentimitha angama-20 bese ufaka umquba. Faka umquba ukuze ukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimpande ezintsha. Uma kungekho nhlabathi kanye nokuvuza kwezimpande okubangelwa ukunqunywa njalo, ukunisela, kanye nokuhlanza ungqimba lotshani obubunile, inhlabathi kufanele ifakwe futhi igoqwe ngesikhathi sokuhluma kotshani noma ngemva kokunqunywa, ngokuvamile kanye ngonyaka, futhi ukugoqwa kufanele kwenziwe kaningi kunasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngemva kokuba inhlabathi incibilikile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-06-2024