Ukunakekelwa nokuphathwa kotshani

1. Ukunisela

Ukunisela kungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokunakekela utshani. Emadlelweni, ukunisela akugcini nje ngokuqeda “isomiso” futhi kukhuthaze ukubola nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguguleka kwezitshalo zotshani, kusheshise ukululama kotshani, kukhuthaze utshani ukuba bube luhlaza kusenesikhathi, kubambezele ukuphuzi, futhi kwandise ukuluhlaza nokubuka. Kuphinde kusize izinhlobo zotshani ezibandayo ukuthi zisinde ehlobo ngokuphephile. Isikhathi kanye nokuvama kokunisela utshani kufanele kulawulwe ngokuguquguqukayo ngokuya ngendawo nesikhathi. ENyakatho yeShayina, lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lifika ku-4-8°C, izimpande zotshani obubandayo ziqala ukukhula, bese amaqabunga ekhula. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifika ku-15°C, ukukhula kuyashesha, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa lihlala cishe ku-27°C, liyaphela. Utshani ludinga amanzi amaningi kusukela ngesikhathi luqala ukuba luhlaza, kusukela ekukhuleni okunamandla kuya ekungavuthweni ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, ukunisela kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngesonto ngalesi sikhathi ukuze kugcinwe inhlabathi inomswakama. Emadlelweni avamile akhula, amanzi angena emanzini kufanele athululwe kanye njalo entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuhluma kanye nangemva kwekwindla lapho ukukhula sekuzoma. Zibizwa ngokuthi amanzi asentwasahlobo kanye namanzi aqandisiwe ngokulandelana. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekukhuleni konyaka wonke kanye nokugcina utshani besikhumba buphephile ebusika.

2. Faka umanyolo

Nakuba izitshalo zotshani zimelana nokungazali, umanyolo uyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqabunga otshani aluhlaza okotshani futhi akhula kahle, ukukhuthaza ukukhula okulinganiselayo, nokuthuthukisa ukumelana kotshani nokhula kanye nokumelana nokunyathelwa. Ngaphezu kokufaka umanyolo wemvelo lapho wakha utshani,i-top dressingkufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngesikhathi sokukhula minyaka yonke. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kusebenzisa kakhulu umanyolo wamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi umanyolo we-nitrogen. Isibonelo, i-urea ifakwa cishe ku-2 kg ngamamitha-skwele angu-667. Ingasakazwa ngqo otshanini bese iniselwa, noma ingasakazwa otshanini ngaphambi kokuba imvula encane ifike.

3. Ukuthena

Ukuthena, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukusika noma ukugoqa, kuwumsebenzi obalulekile wokugcina ukukhula okuvamile kanye nokubukeka okuhle kwengadi. Kusebenzisa ikhono elinamandla lokuvuselela izitshalo zengadi ukuze zichebe ukuphakama okuthile ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezingxenye ezivuselelwe, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze ukuhluma, kwandise ubuningi bamaqabunga, futhi kugcinwe ingadi iphansi futhi icocekile ngesikhala esithe tyaba. Ukuvama nokuphakama kokusika kuthinteka yizici ezifana nezinga lokuphatha, uhlobo lwengadi, izinhlobo zotshani, izinga lokushisa, kanye nendawo. Uma ingadi inezinga eliphezulu lokunakekelwa kanye nokunisela okufanele kanye nokufaka umanyolo, kuzodingeka ichekwe kaningi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu amakhulu zidinga ukuchekwa kaningi kunezinhlobo ezinamahlamvu amancane. Enyakatho, amazinga okushisa aphansi, ingadi ikhula kancane, futhi ingadi ichekwa kaningi kunaseningizimu. Ukuphakama kokusika kufanele kugcinwe kuphansi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngokuvamile okungu-4-6 cm ezitshalweni zokuhlobisa futhi kungabi ngaphezu kuka-8 cm ezitshalweni ezivamile. Ngemva kokuba ukuphakama kokusika ingadi sekunqunyiwe, kufanele ichekwe ngesikhathi lapho ukuphakama kokukhula ingadi kudlula u-1/3 wokuphakama kokusika. Uma kungekho zinsalela eziningi ngemva kokuthena, zingashiywa otshanini bese zibola ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini. Uma iziqu namaqabunga amaningi kakhulu enqunywa futhi ashiywe otshanini, azothinta ukubukeka kotshani futhi abangele izifo zotshani, ngakho-ke kufanele zisuswe.

4. Susa ukhula

Ukhula luyisitha esiyinhloko sokukhula kotshani. Uma selungene, luzothinta ikhwalithi yotshani, okubangela ukuthi utshani lulahlekelwe ukubukeka kwalo kokuqala nokucocekile, okuzophazamisa ukubuka. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuzothinta ukukhula okuvamile kotshani, okubangela ukuthi utshani bufe bube yizicucu bese buhlala bungenalutho. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokususa ukhula: eyodwa ukususa ukhula ngesandla. Sebenzisa ummese ukumba ukhula otshanini bakho bese ususa zonke izimpande. Eyesibili ukusebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula yamakhemikhali. Uma uyisebenzisa, uhlobo lokhula kufanele lukhethwe ngokohlobo lotshani, futhi ububanzi kanye nomthamo wokhula kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile.

5. Faka inhlabathi

Ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngumuntu, utshani luyimbobo futhi izimpande zotshani ziyavezwa, ngakho-ke kumele lwandiswe minyaka yonke ukuze kube lula ukuvuselelwa kwembewu yotshani. Engeza inhlabathi eyengeziwe njalo ebusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, bese ufaka inhlabathi ibe ugqinsi oluyi-0.5-1.0 cm isikhathi ngasinye. Akufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izothinta ukukhula kwamahlumela. Ukwengeza inhlabathi kungahlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo. Okokuqala ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi nokwandisa ukuvunda kwenhlabathi; okwesibili ukuvimbela amanzi nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokwandisa ukushelela nobuhle betshani.

6. Ukugingqa

Uma kuhlanganiswa nokugoba ingxenye yenhlabathi, inhlabathi yotshani iyaqandiswa ebusika, kanti izimpande zotshani zivame ukuhlukaniswa nenhlabathi bese zichayeka emhlabathini, futhi zingafa kalula uma zichayeka elangeni. Ngakho-ke, utshani luvame ukugoqwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho umswakama wenhlabathi uphansi ngaphambi kokuba inhlabathi incibilike kuze kube yilapho ihluma. UtshaniUkugingqaAkugcini nje ngokuhlanganisa ama-rhizome otshani obukhululekile nomhlabathi ongaphansi, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukushelela kotshani. Ukucindezela kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokufaka inhlabathi. Ukufaka imigodi engxenyeni ethile kungathuthukisa ukungena kwenhlabathi futhi kusize utshani ukuthi buze amanzi kanye nomanyolo.

7. Ukuvimbela ukugula okukhulu kanye nokulimala

⑴Isifo

①Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokugqwala ukukhiqizwa kwezilonda ezibomvu-nsundu noma imivimbo eziqwini nasemaqabungeni, kamuva eziphenduka zibe nsundu emnyama. Ngokuvamile, ama-spores okugqwala aqala ukusabalala ngo-Ephreli, aqale avele emaqabungeni, bese ekhula afinyelele esitshalweni sonke ehlobo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, utshani bungabuna futhi bufe ezindaweni ezinkulu. Indlela yokuvimbela nokulawula iwukugwema ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-nitrogen ehlobo, kanti eyesibili ukusebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali ukuze kuvinjelwe futhi kulawulwe.

⑵Izinambuzane

① Lesi sinambuzane sibangela umonakalo omkhulu otshanini. Sidla izimpande zotshani neziqu, siphazamise ukutholakala kwamanzi esitshalo, futhi sibangele ukuthi iziqu namaqabunga aphenduke aphuzi bese efe. Izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula zifaka phakathi ukubulala ngokukhanya okumnyama, ukubamba uketshezi olumnandi nolumuncu, kanye nokufutha ngoketshezi oluphindwe izikhathi eziyi-40% lwe-Lesbon. ② I-locchini enamakhanda acijile ihlafuna amaqabunga neziqu ezithambile. Uma kwenzeka kakhulu, zonke iziqu namaqabunga azodliwa. Umonakalo uba mkhulu kakhulu kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti. Indlela yokulawula iwukufutha u-0.5 kg we-trichlorfon noma i-dichlorvos ngehektare ngalinye ngamanzi angu-500 kg. Ungaphinda uqoqe abasebenzi ukuze ubulale ekuseni. ③ Izikelemu ezincane zidla kuphela iziqu ezincane namaqabunga, zivimbela utshani ukuthi lukhule ngendlela evamile. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izitshalo zingase zife zibe yizicucu ezinkulu. Indlela yokulawula ukusebenzisa i-50% Dianon EC, 50 kuya ku-100 ml nge-mu, noma 25% carbaryl wettable powder, 200 kuya ku-250 ml nge-mu.