Ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwezinhlobo zotshani ezimweni zokulimala, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa, izinhlobo zezinto zotshani zegalofu zihlukaniswe izinhlobo zezilwane ezifudumele nosizi nezinhlobo zombuso opholile. Uhla lokushisa oluphelele lokukhula kwezimpande zonyaka opholile wonyaka wezimpande (ububanzi bokushisa obuphansi) bungu-10-18 degrees Celsius, kanye nobubanzi bokushisa obufanele bokukhula kwamaqabunga (uhla lokushisa komoya) lungama-16- de degrees Celsius angu-16-24; Ngotshani besikhathi esifudumele, uhla lwezinga lokushisa esifanelekile lohlelo lwezimpande lungama-25-29 degrees Celsius, futhi uhla lokushisa komoya lungama-27- 35 degrees Celsius.
Utshani obupholile bonyaka enyakatho entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Utshani obupholile bonyaka bufaka: I-BED, Bluegrass, Rye kanye ne-Fescue
Utshani obufudumele bonyaka: Isikhathi sokukhula sotshani besizini esifudumele sigxile ezinyangeni ezishisayo zonyaka, okusekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla kwasekuqaleni endaweni yaseningizimu nenguquko. Utshani besizini olufudumele bufaka utshani be-bermuda, i-zoysia kanye nolwandle lwe-paspalum. Utshani bezinkathi ezifudumele enkambweni yegalufu buvame ukugxilwa ngotshani besizini epholile ukuze bagcine umbala waso ebusika. I-Rye kanye nezinye izinhlobo zotshani bokuqala kuyizinketho.
Imbewu yotshani yakuqala: utshani bokuqala obusetshenzisiwe kuloIzifundo zegalofuKonke kwakukhona utshani bedlelo okhona esizeni, futhi utshani bokuqala obutshalwe ezifundweni zegalofu futhi kwakukhona notshani bedlelo lendawo. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yo-1930, izifundo zegalofu ezakhiwe enyakatho ye-United States zazisebenzisa utshani obugobile obuhlanganisiwe njengotshani begalofu. I-ben ehlanganisiwe iqukethe ama-80% amakoloni agobile, u-10% velvet ogobekile kanye nokuziqhenya okuncane. ENew England, i-velvet ebekiwe yasetshenziselwa imifino. Lezi zinhlamvu zotshani zaziyizitshalo zomama zesikhathi esizayo sendawo yegalofu.
Ngo-1916, ososayensi abaningana abavela eMnyangweni Wezolimo (wase-United State (wase-United State base-United State base-United State base-United State (e-USDA) basungula inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Arlington Lawn Garden, eyanikezelwa ekuhlolweni nasekufuyeni imbewu efanelekile yotshani ngemifino. Ngo-1921, baqala ukubambisana kwezentengiselwano ne-USDA ukuze kusungulwe ngokusemthethweni i-United States Golf Association (USGA) yokwandisa ucwaningo ngezinhlamvu zotshani. Bafuna utshani ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kusuka kuyo yonke indawo, njengokuthungwa kwamaqabunga okuhle kakhulu, umbala, ukuqina kanye nokuphikiswa kwezifo, futhi kwawatshala enkulisa engadini ye-Arlington Lawn. I-USGA yasebenzisa incwadi C ukubabalalela ukuze balima. Ngo-1927, uMnyango wezoLimo e-US umemezele ukuthi basungula utshani obuluhlaza obuhle kakhulu - utshani obugobekile. Usebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe bokuzala kabusha obuse-asexual, ama-greens amaningi ambozwe ngezingubo eziluhlaza, kepha ngoba zitshalwa kakhulu, isifo saso kanye nokumelana kwaso izinambuzane akunakuthuthukiswa.
Ukuhlwanyela utshani obugobekile: Ososayensi baqala ukutadisha ePennsylvania ngo-1940 ukuzama ukuthola imbewu egqoke umfaniswano neqinile. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-9 yokuzikhandla, balima ukutshala imbewu eqinile ebizwa ngokuthi iPenncross, eyasungulwa ngo-1954 futhi yaqala ukubuyisela utshani obuluhlaza owedlule. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1990s, iPenncross kwakuwutshani obuluhlaza othandwa kakhulu. Yize kwenziwa izinhlobo ezintsha, iPenncross isasetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla.
Ucwaningo lwe-Pennsylvania lusaqhubeka. Ngaphansi kokuholwa nguDkt Joe Duwick, i-Penneagle Bent yethulwe ngo-1978 kwathi uPennlinks aqedwe ngo-1986. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1990, ucwaningo olwenziwayo lwalugxile kakhulu ekuvinjelweni okuphezulu kakhulu ukwandisa ukuvumelana nezimo okuphezulu. Ngokucwaninga eTexas yi-USGA, ama-Crenhaw amasha avuthiwe uCato noCrenshaw bethuliwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ucwaningo lukaPennsylvania uJoe Duwick lugxile ekutheni luthuthukise kanjani ukubekezelelana kaNgobayo ekugunyeni okuphansi. Imizamo yakhe yaholela ekuqalisweni kochungechunge olugoqiwe no-G. Ezinye izinkampani zembewu zotshani zibuye zethule izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana: SR1020, L-93, Provilin, i-BackSpin, njll. Ukutshala imibungu ukwenza lula ukukhethwa kwemikhiqizo yembewu ehlukene yotshani enotshani ngezinkampani zembewu ezihlukene zotshani, kufaka phakathi:
Utshani obufudumele bonyaka: utshani beBermuda ulungele izifunda zomhlaba ezishisayo, eziphansi nezeningizimu; Esimweni sezulu sezulu esishintshashintshayo sase-United States, i-Zoysia isetshenziswa kakhulu emiyishini, kepha isetshenziswa kabanzi eJapan, eKorea nase China; Utshani beBuffalo, utshani bendabuko lwamathafa amakhulu aseNyakatho Melika, ulungele utshani obude endaweni enomswakama, omi-arid nezindawo ezomile; Utshani be-seashore, utshani obufudumele kakhulu obufudumele kakhulu, lulungele izifunda ezishisayo nezisezingeni eliphansi, nezinhlobo zalo ezithuthukisiwe zingasetshenziswa njengotshani bezindawo,imifino nemigwaqo.
I-Bermuda Grass kanye nzalo yayo: Utshani beBermuda osetshenziswa kakhulu kungenzeka basakazwe ngabahloli bamazwe baseSpain. Ngo-1924, i-United States yethule iBermuda ahlukahlukene Atlanta, kwathi ngo-1938, u3. Kamuva, lapho iGreater Golifer Bobby Jones iye eGibhithe iyodlala igalofu, ngephutha yaveza inhlobonhlobo entsha yeBermuda Grass e-Egypt, e-Uklandagraps. Ngaphambi kuka-1950, kwakukhona kuphela lolu chungechunge lweBermuda kuphela olungakhethwa. Ngawo-1950 no-1960, utshani beBermuda ngokuvamile baba ngutshani obukhulu begalofu. Ngawo-1940s, usosayensi ovela eMnyangweni wezoLimo wase-US, uGlen Burton, ngengozi wathola okuthile okuminyene, okufushane, okuphakathi nendawo emugqeni wakhe wokuphakelayo edolobheni laseTifton, eGeorgia. Ngemuva kwe-hybridization, wethula iTifton 57 (TIFLAWN) ngo-1957. Lolu tshani lulungele ukutshala ezinkambeni zezemidlalo kodwa hhayi emigqeni ngoba ikhula ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke iBurton yaqhubeka nokutadisha futhi yathola ukuthi omunye usosayensi wayehlanze iTifton 57 yakhe ngezimpande zenja yasendaweni e-Afrika. Ngemuva kokuphefumlelwa, wakhuthaza futhi wathola izimpande eziningi zenja zasendaweni eningizimu yezifundo zegalofu zaseningizimu. Ngemuva kwamakhulu ama-hybridizations, iBurton yethule iTifton 127 (TIFFINE), TIFTON 328 (Tifgreen) neTifton 419 (TIFWAY). I-Dwarf Bermuda (TIFDWARF) yaqala ngolunye usosayensi ngokukhethwa kofuzo kwamanje kuka-328, kepha yabhaliswa nguBurton ngo-1955.
Kuze kube namuhla, iTifton isisesikhungo esigunyaziwe sokukhonjwa kweBermuda Hybrids. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, omunye usosayensi, uHanna, usaqhubeka nocwaningo edolobheni laseTikon. Wethula utshani okhozi kanye ne-TIFSport, bobabili abanezitshalo zomama ezivela eChina.
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Dec-09-2024