Ngokusekelwe ekusabeleni kwezinhlobo zotshani ezimweni zesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa, izinhlobo zotshani benkundla yegalofu zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo zotshani zesikhathi esifudumele kanye nezinhlobo zotshani zesikhathi esipholile. Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokukhula kwezimpande zotshani zesikhathi esipholile (izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi) lingu-10-18 degrees Celsius, kanti izinga lokushisa elifanele lokukhula kwesiqu namaqabunga (izinga lokushisa lomoya) lingu-16-24 degrees Celsius; kotshani besikhathi esifudumele, izinga lokushisa elifanele lohlelo lwezimpande lingu-25-29 degrees Celsius, kanti izinga lokushisa lomoya lingu-27-35 degrees Celsius.
Utshani obukhula ngesikhathi sokupholisa: Isikhathi esiningi sokukhula kotshani obukhula ngesikhathi sokupholisa sonyaka, okungukuthi, eningizimu ekwindla, ebusika nasentwasahlobo; enyakatho entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Utshani obukhula ngesikhathi sokupholisa buhlanganisa: utshani obugobile, obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-rye kanye ne-fescue
Utshani obusesikhathini esifudumele: Isikhathi sokukhula kotshani obusesikhathini esifudumele sigxile ezinyangeni ezishisayo zonyaka, okuwukuphela kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo kanye nokuqala kwekwindla eningizimu kanye nendawo yokuguquka. Utshani obusesikhathini esifudumele buhlanganisa utshani iBermuda, iZoysia kanye neSeashore Paspalum. Utshani obusesikhathini esifudumele enkundleni yegalofu buvame ukuxutshwa notshani obusesikhathini esipholile ukuze kugcinwe umbala walo ebusika. I-Rye kanye nezinye izinhlobo zotshani obusesikhathini sokuqala ziyizinketho.
Imbewu yotshani bokuqala: Utshani bokuqala obusetshenziswa e-izinkundla zegalofuZonke zaziyizitsha zotshani zasemakhaya ezazikhona endaweni, futhi utshani bokuqala obutshalwe ezinkundleni zegalofu babuyitshani lendawo. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1930, izinkundla zegalofu ezakhiwe enyakatho ye-United States zazisebenzisa utshani obuhlanganisiwe njengotshani benkundla yegalofu. I-mixed bent yayiqukethe i-80% COLONIAL bent, i-10% VELVET bent kanye ne-CREEPING bent encane. E-New England, i-VELVET bent yayisetshenziselwa imifino eluhlaza. Lezi zimbewu zotshani zaziyizitshalo ezingumama zokutshala imbewu yotshani benkundla yegalofu esikhathini esizayo.
Ngo-1916, ososayensi abaningana abavela eMnyangweni Wezolimo wase-United States (USDA) basungula inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-Arlington Lawn Garden, eyayizinikele ekuhloleni nasekuzaleni imbewu yotshani efanelekile yemifino eluhlaza. Ngo-1921, baqala ukubambisana kwezentengiselwano ne-USDA ukuze basungule ngokusemthethweni i-United States Golf Association (USGA) ukuze bandise ucwaningo ngembewu yotshani. Bafuna utshani obusebenza kahle kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo, njengokuthungwa kwamaqabunga okuhle kakhulu, umbala, ubuningi kanye nokumelana nezifo, futhi babutshala endaweni yokukhulisa izitshalo yase-Arlington Lawn Garden. I-USGA yasebenzisa uhlamvu u-C ukuze ibubhale izinombolo ukuze bulinywe. Ngo-1927, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US wamemezela ukuthi usungule utshani obuluhlaza obuhle kakhulu - utshani obugobile obuhambayo. Besebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe bokuzala obungavuthi, imifino eminingi imbozwe ngezingubo eziluhlaza, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi itshalwa ngendlela engavuthi, ukumelana kwayo nezifo kanye nezinambuzane akukwazi ukuthuthukiswa.
Utshani obugobile obuhlwanyelwe: Ososayensi baqala ukufunda ePennsylvania ngo-1940 ukuze bazame ukuthola utshani obugobile obufanayo nobuzinzile. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-9 yokusebenza kanzima, batshala utshani obugobile obuhlwanyelwe obubizwa ngokuthi i-PENNCROSS, obwaqalwa ngo-1954 futhi baqala ukuthatha indawo yotshani obuluhlaza bangaphambilini. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1990, i-PENNCROSS yayiwutshani obuluhlaza obuthandwa kakhulu. Nakuba sekuqalwe izinhlobo ezintsha, i-PENNCROSS isasetshenziswa kabanzi nanamuhla.
Ucwaningo lwembewu yotshani ePennsylvania lusaqhubeka. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaDkt. Joe Duwick, i-PENNEAGLE bent yaqalwa ngo-1978 kanti i-PENNLINKS bent yaqalwa ngo-1986. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1990, ucwaningo nge-bent lwalugxile kakhulu endleleni yokutshala izinhlobo ezinokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu ukuze zandise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngocwaningo eTexas yi-USGA, kwaqalwa izinhlobo ezintsha ze-bent i-CATO ne-CRENSHAW. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ucwaningo lukaJoe Duwick wasePennsylvania lugxile endleleni yokuthuthukisa ukubekezelela kwe-bent ekugundeni okuphansi. Imizamo yakhe yaholela ekuqalisweni kochungechunge lwe-bent A no-G. Ezinye izinkampani zembewu yotshani nazo zaqala izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu njenge: SR1020, L-93, PROVIDENCE, BACKSPIN, IMPERIAL, njll. Ezinye izinhlobo zotshani ezithela imbewu: I-Kentucky bluegrass kanye ne-ryegrass ehlala isikhathi eside ziye zakhuliswa kakhulu eminyakeni engama-40 kuya kwengama-50 edlule, zigxile ekutshalweni kwama-embryo ukuze kube lula ukukhethwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukene yembewu yotshani enelungelo lobunikazi yizinkampani ezahlukene zembewu yotshani, okuhlanganisa:
Utshani obusezinkathini ezifudumele: Utshani baseBermuda bufanelekela izifunda ezishisayo, ezishisayo neziseningizimu yomhlaba; endaweni yesimo sezulu esishintshayo e-United States, i-Zoysia isetshenziswa kakhulu emigwaqweni emikhulu, kodwa isetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane, eKorea naseShayina; Utshani baseBuffalo, utshani obuvela eGreat Plains eNyakatho Melika, bufanelekela utshani obude ezindaweni ezinomswakama omncane, ezomile kancane kanye nezomile; I-Seashore Paspalum, utshani obubekezelela usawoti kakhulu obusezinkathini ezifudumele kakhulu, bufanelekela izifunda ezishisayo nezishisayo, futhi izinhlobo zalo ezithuthukisiwe zingasetshenziswa njengotshani bezindawo zokulima,imifino kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu.
Utshani baseBermuda kanye nezinhlobo zalo ezixubile: Utshani baseBermuda obusetshenziswa kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi basakazwa ngabahloli bamazwe bokuqala baseSpain. Ngo-1924, i-United States yethula uhlobo lweBermuda i-ATLANTA, kwathi ngo-1938, i-U3. Kamuva, lapho umdlali wegalofu omkhulu uBobby Jones eya eGibhithe ukuyodlala igalofu, wethula ngephutha uhlobo olusha lweBermuda oluvela eGibhithe, i-UGANDAGRASS. Ngaphambi kuka-1950, kwakukhona lolu chungechunge lweBermuda kuphela olwalungakhethwa. Ngawo-1950 nawo-1960, utshani baseBermuda ngokuvamile baba utshani obuyinhloko benkundla yegalofu. Ngawo-1940, usosayensi ovela eMnyangweni Wezolimo wase-US, uGlen Burton, ngephutha wathola utshani obuminyene, obufushane, obusezingeni eliphakathi ensimini yakhe yokudla edolobheni laseTifton, eGeorgia. Ngemva kokuxuba, wethula iTifton 57 (TIFLAWN) ngo-1957. Lolu tshani lufaneleka kakhulu ukutshalwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo kodwa hhayi eziluhlaza ngoba lukhula ngokushesha. Ngakho uBurton waqhubeka nokufunda futhi wathola ukuthi omunye usosayensi wayehlanganise iTifton 57 yakhe nezimpande zezinja zasendaweni e-Afrika. Ngemva kokuphefumulelwa, wasekela futhi wathola izimpande zezinja eziningi zasendaweni ezinkundleni zegalofu zaseningizimu. Ngemva kwamakhulu ezinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe, uBurton wethula iTifton 127 (TIFFINE), iTifton 328 (TIFGREEN) kanye neTifton 419 (TIFWAY). I-Bermuda encane (TIFDWARF) yakhuliswa omunye usosayensi ngokukhethwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwamanje okungu-328, kodwa yabhaliswa nguBurton ngo-1955.
Kuze kube namuhla, iTifton iseyisikhungo esinegunya lokuhlonza izinhlobo ezixubile zaseBermuda. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, omunye usosayensi, uHanna, usaqhubeka nokucwaninga edolobheni laseTIFTON. Wethule iEagle Grass kanye neTIFSPORT, zombili ezinezitshalo zikamama ezivela eShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-09-2024