Izindlela zokunakekela utshani

Amaphuzu ayisihluthuleloukunakekelwa kotshaniziyi:

1. Ukhula kufanele lususwe njalo ngonyaka wokuqala.

2. Thena ngesikhathi. Thena lapho utshani bukhula bufike ku-4-10 cm ukuphakama, futhi inani lokuthena ngakunye akufanele lidlule ingxenye yobude botshani. Ngokuvamile utshani bugcinwa buyi-2-5 cm ukuphakama.

3. Umanyolo oxubile we-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kanye ne-potassium kufanele usetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngokuvamile, usetshenziswa ngemva kokuthena kanye nangaphambi kokunisela nge-sprinkler.

4. Utshani akufanele lusetshenziswe ngokweqile. Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye nesikhathi sokunakekelwa kufanele sichazwe, futhi utshani kufanele luvulwe ukuze lusetshenziswe njalo.

5. Qaphela ukuvimbela nokulawula izifo zotshani nezinambuzane. Tshala kabusha ngesikhathi bese ushintsha izingxenye ezifile.

Ukunisela utshani
Ukunisela akugcini nje ngokugcina ukukhula okuvamile kotshani botshani, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina kweziqu namaqabunga futhi kuthuthukise ukumelana kokunyathelwa kotshani.

1. Isizini: Ukunisela utshani kufanele kwenziwe ngenkathi eyomile lapho ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kukhulu kunemvula. Ebusika, ngemva kokuba inhlabathi yotshani iqandisiwe, akudingeki ukunisela.

2. Isikhathi: Ngokuphathelene nezimo zezulu, isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokunisela yilapho kunomoya ovunguzayo, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi futhi kusize amaqabunga ome. Ngosuku, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ekuseni nakusihlwa yizikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zokunisela. Kodwa-ke, ukunisela ebusuku akubangeli ukoma kotshani futhi kulula ukubangela izifo.

3. Umthamo wamanzi: Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi esomile sesizini yokukhula kotshani, ukuze utshani buhlale buluhlaza, kudingeka amanzi angaba ngu-3 kuya ku-4 cm ngesonto. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo nezomile, utshani obukhula ngamandla budinga ukwengeza amanzi angu-6 cm noma ngaphezulu ngesonto. Inani lamanzi adingekayo linqunywa kakhulu ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi yotshani.

4. Indlela: Ukunisela kungenziwa ngokunisela ngokufafaza, ukunisela ngokuconsa, ukukhukhula kanye nezinye izindlela. Izindlela ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa ngokuya ngamazinga ahlukene okugcinwa nokuphathwa kanye nezimo zemishini. Ukuze utshani obusetshanini bugcinwe ngaphambi kokuba buyeke ukukhula ekwindla nangaphambi kokuba bube luhlaza entwasahlobo, kufanele buniselwe kanye ngakunye. Kufanele buniselwe ngokwanele futhi kahle, okuzuzisa kakhulu utshani obusetshanini ukuze buhlale ebusika futhi bube luhlaza.

Ukuvimbela nokulawula izifo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo zotshani botshani Ngokusho kwezifo ezithelelanayo ezahlukene, izifo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: izifo ezingathelelanayo kanye nezifo ezithelelanayo. Izifo ezingathelelanayo zenzeka ngenxa yezici ezikutshani kanye nendawo ezungezile. Njengokukhethwa okungafanele kwembewu yotshani, ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba enhlabathini ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kotshani botshani, ukungalingani kwezakhamzimba, inhlabathi eyomile kakhulu noma emanzi kakhulu, ukungcola kwemvelo, njll. Lolu hlobo lwesifo aluthelelanayo. Izifo ezithelelanayo zibangelwa yisikhunta, amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, ama-nematode, njll. Lolu hlobo lwesifo luthelelanayo kakhulu, futhi izimo ezintathu ezidingekayo ukuze sivele yilezi: izitshalo ezisengozini, izifo ezithelelanayo kakhulu, kanye nezimo zemvelo ezifanele.

Izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula yilezi ezilandelayo:

(1) Susa imithombo eyinhloko yokutheleleka kwamagciwane. Inhlabathi, imbewu, izithombo, izitshalo ezinesifo ensimini, izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nomanyolo ongafakwanga umquba yizindawo eziyinhloko lapho amagciwane amaningi ebusika nasehlobo. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini (ukubulala amagciwane kwe-formalin okusetshenziswa kakhulu, okungukuthi, i-formalin: amanzi = 1:40, umthamo womhlabathi ungamalitha ayi-10-15/imitha yesikwele noma i-formalin: amanzi = 1:50, umthamo womhlabathi ungamalitha angama-20-25/imitha yesikwele), ukwelashwa kwezithombo (kufaka phakathi imbewu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezithombo kanye nokubulala amagciwane; indlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokubulala amagciwane otshanini yile: cwilisa imbewu ku-1%-2% formalin dilution imizuzu engama-20-60, uyikhiphe ngemva kokuyicwilisa, uyigeze, uyisule bese uyihlwanyela.) bese ususa ngokushesha izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nezinye izinyathelo zokulawula.

(2) Ukulawulwa kwezolimo: Utshani obufanele indawo efanelekile, ikakhulukazi ukukhetha izinhlobo ezingamelani nezifo, ukususa ukhula ngesikhathi, ukulima okujulile ngesikhathi kanye nomanyolo omncane, ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ezinesifo kanye nezindawo ezithelelekile ngezifo ngesikhathi esifanele, kanye nokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nomanyolo.

(3) Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali: ukufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kulawulwe. Ezindaweni ezivamile, fafaza inani elifanele lesisombululo sezibulala-zinambuzane kanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba utshani obuhlukahlukene bungene esikhathini sokukhula okunamandla, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba utshani obukhula bube nesifo, bese ufafaza kanye njalo emavikini amabili, bese ufafaza izikhathi ezingu-3-4 ngokulandelana. Lokhu kungavimbela ukuvela kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zesikhunta noma zamagciwane. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo zidinga izibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuhlushwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, isikhathi nenani lokufafaza, kanye nenani lokufafaza. Ngokuvamile, umphumela wokufafaza ungcono kakhulu lapho amaqabunga otshani obukhula egcinwa omile. Inani lokufafaza linqunywa kakhulu ubude bomphumela osele wesibulala-zinambuzane, ngokuvamile kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, futhi inani lokufafaza okungu-2-5 lanele. Ukufafaza kabusha kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kwemvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukene kufanele zixutshwe noma zisetshenziswe ngokushintshana ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kugwenywe ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane

1. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokulimala kwezinambuzane zotshani: Inhlabathi ayiphathwa ngokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngaphambi kokubaukutshala utshani(ukulima ngokujulile nokomisa inhlabathi, ukumba nokucosha izinambuzane, ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini, njll.); umanyolo wemvelo osetshenzisiwe awukavuthwa; ukuvimbela nokulawula kusenesikhathi akusebenzi noma umuthi usetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele noma ungasebenzi kahle, njll.

2. Ukulawulwa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinambuzane zotshani obuluhlaza
(1) Ukulawulwa kwezolimo: indawo efanele kanye notshani, ukulima ngokujulile nokomisa inhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ukumba nokucosha izinambuzane, ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo obolile ngokuphelele, ukuphathwa kokunisela ngesikhathi, njll.
(2) Ukulawula ngokomzimba nangokwesandla: ukubamba okulula, ukubulala ngokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nenhlabathi enobuthi, ukubamba ngesandla, njll.
(3) Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo: okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa izitha zemvelo noma amagciwane abangela izifo ukulawula. Isibonelo, amagciwane abangela izifo asebenzayo ukulawula ama-grub ikakhulukazi i-green muscardine, futhi umphumela wokulawula ungama-90%.
(4) Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali: Izibulala-zinambuzane ikakhulukazi ziyi-organic phosphorus compounds. Ngokuvamile, ukuchelela kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu ngemva kokusetshenziswa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusabalala komuthi futhi kugwenywe ukulahleka ngenxa yokubola kwe-photocomplex kanye nokuguquguquka; ukufafaza kuvame ukusetshenziselwa izinambuzane ezingaphezulu. Kodwa kwezinye izinambuzane, njengezinambuzane ezidla utshani, ukuchelela kufanele kwenziwe okungenani emahoreni angama-24-72 ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Izindlela ezivamile ukufaka imbewu, isicupho sobuthi noma ukufafaza. Izinyathelo ezingenhla zingase zanele kumakhi otshani ojwayelekile. Uma utshani luphathwa kahle, ukumelana kwalo kuzothuthuka kakhulu.