Utshani lunemisebenzi yokuhlanza umoya, ukumunca uthuli, ukuvimbela umsindo, ukumelana nokungcola kanye nokumunca izidakamizwa, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo senhlabathi, ukunciphisa imisebe yelanga, ukuvikela nokubuyisela ukubona, ukwenza amadolobha abe luhlaza futhi ahlobise, kanye nokuthuthukisa imvelo yasemadolobheni.
Izitshalo zotshani zikhula njalo. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zasekhaya ngokuvamile ziyawohloka futhi zishiywe eminyakeni emi-3-5, kanti ezinye izitshalo zotshani ziba yize ngemva kokutshalwa. Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zotshani ezinobuchwepheshe bokunakekela obuphelele kwamanye amazwe singaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10-15. Isizathu ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokunakekela izihlahla zezwe lami abukavuthwa ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamasu okunakekela angafanele noma angafiki ngesikhathi njengokusika, umanyolo, ukunisela, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane. Amaphuzu abalulekile obuchwepheshe bokunakekela nokuphatha izihlahla zotshani achazwa kafushane kanje.
1. Ukuthena Ukuthena okufanayo kuyisixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhuluukunakekelwa kotshaniUma utshani lunganqunywanga ngesikhathi, ingxenye engenhla yesiqu salo ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi imbewu, ivimbele futhi ithinte ukukhula kotshani obunganyathelwa phansi, okwenza kube indawo engenalutho.
Isikhathi sokusika utshani ngokuvamile sisukela kuMashi kuya kuNovemba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka nokusika eminyakeni efudumele yasebusika. Ukuphakama kokusika utshani ngokuvamile kulandela isimiso esingu-1/3. Ukusika kokuqala kwenziwa lapho utshani buphakeme ngo-10-12cm, kanti ukuphakama kwezinsika kungu-6-8cm. Inani lezikhathi zokusika lincike esilinganisweni sokukhula kotshani. Utshani obusezingeni eliphezulu phesheya busika izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10 noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka ngonyaka. Ngokuvamile uMeyi noJuni yizikhathi zokukhula okunamandla kakhulu kotshani, futhi busika izikhathi ezingu-1-2 njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, kanye nezikhathi ezingu-1-2 njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-10-15 ngezinye izikhathi. Ngemva kokusika kaningi, utshani alugcini nje ngokuba nama-rhizome athuthukile kanye nekhono lokumboza eliqinile, kodwa futhi luphansi, amaqabunga aba mancane, futhi inani lokuhlobisa liphezulu.
Uma usika utshani, ibhande lokusika utshani kumele lihambisane, futhi indlela kufanele ishintshwe njalo lapho usika utshani seluqediwe. Lapho kusomile, utshani obusikiwe bungabekwa otshanini ukuze buphole, kodwa abukwazi ukubekwa isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwalokho buzothambisa kalula utshani, bukhule kancane futhi buzale amagciwane. Amaphethelo otshani ngokuvamile anqunywa ngesikele ukuze ahlale emuhle.
2. Ukuvundisa Ukuvundisa kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa kotshani. Lapho utshani lugundwa kaningi, kulapho kuthathwa khona izakhamzimba eziningi enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, izakhamzimba ezanele kumele zengezwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ukukhula. Inani lezidingo zokuvundisa liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lotshani. Ngokuvamile, utshani buvundiswa izikhathi ezingu-7-8 ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuvundisa esigxilile siphakathi kuka-Ephreli no-Okthoba, ikakhulukazi umanyolo wasekwindla ngo-Okthoba ubaluleke kakhulu. Uma uvundisa, sebenzisa i-Ireland esebenza kahle kakhulu, enikeza izinhlobo ezingu-12 zezakhamzimba otshanini ngesikhathi esisodwa, ephephile futhi engalimazi izithombo futhi evimbela ukuqina.
3. Ukunisela: Ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene, ukumelana nesomiso kotshani botshani kuyahlukahluka. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwabo ngamandla, kudinga amanzi anele. Ngakho-ke, ukunisela ngesikhathi kungenye indlela yokugcina utshani obuhle. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi esishisayo nesomile, nisela kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezi-5-7 ekuseni nakusihlwa, bese umanzisa izimpande zibe yi-10-15cm. Kunconywa ukunisela ngezinye izinkathi zonyaka ukuze uvikele izimpande zomhlabathi emswakama othile, kodwa kungcono ukusebenzisa ukuchelela ngezindlela eziningi kanye nokunisela okungenawo umshini wokunisela lapho unisela, ukuze ugcine ukunisela okufanayo, wonge amanzi, futhi ususe uthuli ebusweni botshani.
4. Ukubhoboza nokubhoboza inhlabathi ukuze kungene umoya: Ingadi idinga ukubhobozwa nokubhobozwa ukuze kungene umoya izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngonyaka, bese kusetshenziswa umshini wokubhoboza emadlelweni amakhulu. Ngemva kokubhoboza, gcwalisa ingadi ngesihlabathi, bese usebenzisa i-tooth rake kanye nomshanelo oqinile ukuze ushanele inqwaba yesihlabathi ngokulinganayo, ukuze isihlabathi singene emgodini, sigcine isibindi, futhi sithuthukise ukugeleza kwenhlabathi okujulile. Ubukhulu besendlalelo sesihlabathi ebusweni botshani akufanele budlule u-0.5cm. Ukuze kungene umoya ezindaweni ezincane kanye nengadi elula, ungasebenzisa ifoloko yokumba ukuze umbe ngesikhala esingu-8-10cm kanye nokujula, bese ikhanda lefoloko lingena liqonde ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukuze ugweme ukuletha amabhlogo enhlabathi. Imininingwane ehlukene yamafoloko ingashintshwa enhlabathini ehlukene, futhi amafosholo angasetshenziswa. Lapho kubhobozwa, ezinye izimpande zotshani zinganqunywa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwezimpande okunamandla. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokubhoboza nokubhoboza ukungenisa umoya enhlabathini kusentwasahlobo yokuqala minyaka yonke.
5. Ukususa ukhula. Ukususa ukhula kufanele kulandele isimiso "sokususa kusenesikhathi", "ukususa okuncane", kanye "nokususa". Sebenzisa ummese ngenani elincane, bese usebenzisa ifosholo ngenani elikhulu neligxilile, bese ulinganisela umhlabathi bese utshala kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-herbicides amakhemikhali akhethiwe angasetshenziswa, njengeCaohejing, Matangjing, Caokuojing, Hekuojing, Mieshajing, Pujujing kanye neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula eqondiwe futhi ephephile. Futha ngosuku olungenamoya nolunelanga, izinga lokushisa kufanele libe ngaphezu kwama-25℃, khona-ke umphumela wemithi ushesha kakhulu, futhi ukuxuba kahle ama-herbicides kungathuthukisa umphumela wemithi. Kodwa qaphela ukuze ugweme imiphumela engemihle.
6. Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo Izifo eziningi zotshani ziyisikhunta, njengokugqwala, isikhunta esimpushana, i-sclerotinia, i-anthracnose, njll. Zivame ukuba khona ezimpandeni, eziqwini nasemaqabungeni ezitshalo ezifile enhlabathini. Uma zihlangabezana nezimo zezulu ezifanele, zizothelela futhi zilimaze utshani, zivimbele ukukhula kotshani, futhi ziwushintshe ube phuzi noma ufe ube yizicucu noma amabhlogo. Indlela yokuvimbela nokulawula imvamisa ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides ukuvimbela noma ukwelapha ngokwemithetho yokutheleleka kwalesi sifo. Ama-fungicides avame ukusetshenziswa ukuvimbela afaka i-carbendazim, i-thiophanate-methyl, njll. Izinambuzane ezilimaza utshani zihlanganisa izinambuzane ezidla amaqabunga nezidla izimpande ezifana nezibungu ze-noctuid, izikelemu, izinkenke, ama-grub, izintuthwane, njll. Izinambuzane ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa i-Bichrysanthemum. Lapho zivimbela futhi zilawula, utshani kufanele lunqunywe kancane bese lufafazwa.
7. Ukuvuselelwa nokuvuselelwa kanyeukugoqa inhlabathiUma utshani lune-alopecia noma lufile kancane, ludinga ukuvuselelwa nokuqina ngesikhathi, okungukuthi, lapho ufaka umquba ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ngasekupheleni kwekwindla, hlanganisa imbewu yotshani ehlume kanye nomanyolo ndawonye bese ufafaza ngokulinganayo otshanini, noma sebenzisa i-roller ukusika umqhekezo njalo ngamasentimitha angama-20 otshanini bese ufaka umquba ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande ezintsha. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuvuza kwezimpande okubangelwa ukunqunywa njalo, ukunisela, kanye nokuhlanza ungqimba lotshani olufile, inhlabathi kufanele ifakwe futhi igoqwe ngesikhathi sokuhluma kotshani noma ngemuva kokunqunywa. Ngokuvamile, kufanele kwenziwe kanye ngonyaka, futhi ukugoqwa kwenziwa kaningi ngemva kokuba inhlabathi incibilika ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-18-2024